Attending a Mosque during a Religious Services

Introduction Religious services in a mosque require strict observation of worship ethics and etiquette. Worship in a mosque entails subtle religious practices that are hard for a non-Muslim to practice. The unique and hard religious practices in the Mosque limit effective interaction of Muslims and non-Muslims causing more interreligious suspicion and doubt. The interreligious suspicion and doubt emanate from the preconceptions and misconceptions, which negatively affects interreligious interaction.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Attending a Mosque during a Religious Services specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are some preconceptions and misconceptions about Muslim religious practices during their worship services that lead non-Muslims to perceive Islamic religion as hostile and inhospitable. The multicultural and religious interactions have psychological implications to both the Muslims and the non-Mus lims. This essay will explore the religious services in a mosque, preconceptions and psychological interaction of Muslims and non-Muslims. Religious Service at a Mosque As aforementioned, the religious services at the mosque are unique and strange to a non-Muslim. Muslims do not allow anybody to enter their Mosque unless one is a Muslim or identified and given permission because the mosque is the most holy place and strangers who do not profess Islamic faith should not defile it by entering into it. The Quran prescribes standard etiquette and worship practices for the Muslims worldwide; therefore, there is no ambiguity in their worship due to the geographical location. The standard etiquette prescribes dressing code and worship practices, which must be followed strictly. The non-Muslims are required to learn the etiquette because if they do not follow them in the mosque, they are deemed to profane the mosque intentionally and this creates many fears to non-Muslims. If a non-Muslim h as to enter a mosque, he/she has to make formal request and upon approval, he/she can only enter when prayers are not session to be guided through the process of worship. Muslims have religious services at specific times of the day. Before entering into the mosque, Muslims are required to be in their dress code and to remove their shoes at the entrance. After removing their shoes, they proceed to the washing place where they wash their feet, hands and feet prior to praying. Inside the mosque there are no seats, instead a soft carpet is spread on the floor unlike in churches where the congregation use seats. The prayers of Muslims are recited while kneeling and bowing down facing Mecca followed by the Quran reading of the day then other routine prayer recitations follow. Conventionally, a male leads the worship service because women are strictly forbidden to enter mosque during their menstruation period, as they are unclean and unfit to worship. Smoking, eating, drinking and switch-o n phones are forbidden in the mosque for they interfere with the worship service.Advertising Looking for term paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Preconceptions of Non-Muslims The non-Muslims have many of preconceptions and misconceptions about Islamic religion and Muslims. There is misconception that associates Muslims with terrorists, violence and extremists. â€Å"This is the biggest misconception in the Islam; no doubt resulting from the constant stereotyping and bashing the media gives Islam† (Ahmad, 2008, p. 22). The media has stereotyped the Islamic religion and Muslims as violent, extremists and terrorists in the way they report events. For, terrorists are referred as Islamic terrorists, while instance countries are referred as Islamic countries but rarely do we have Christian countries. The Islamic religion has been associated with the vices in the society but in real sense, Islam is a peace-loving religion, which stands for total submission to God. Another preconception is that the Islamic religion oppresses women. The teachings of the Quran do not support the oppression of women as it teaches that, â€Å"the most perfect in faith amongst believers is he who is best in manner and kindest to his wife† (Ahmad, 2008, p. 23). The non-Muslims perceive the Islamic women as oppressed lot due to their lifestyles and dress code. The Quran requires both men and women to wear decent and modesty clothes that depict dignity to the people around at any instance; regrettably, many non-Muslims perceive this as oppression towards women. Freedom of wearing any dress code is against the Islamic teachings, and this does not amount to women oppression, as many would want to believe. There are other misconceptions concerning the way of worship and spread of Islamic religion. Majority of non-Muslims often presume that Muslims do not worship God the Creator, but they worship a le sser god, Allah. Nevertheless, this misconception arises from sheer ignorance. Allah is an Arabic word for God the Creator. â€Å"Muslims believe that Allah’s sovereignty is to be acknowledged in worship and in the pledge to obey His teaching and commandments, conveyed through His messengers and prophets who were sent at various times and in many places throughout history† (Ahmad, 2008, p .23). Christians too believe in the same God but the differences exist on matters concerning the prophets that were sent by God. In their case, Muslims believe that Allah send Mohammed. Other misconception about Muslims is that they spread their faith through jihad war, all are Arabs, men are polygamous and Mohammed is their God. With all these misconceptions, a non-Muslim will definitely fear to enter a mosque or relate with Muslims.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Attending a Mosque during a Religious Services specifically for you for only $16.0 5 $11/page Learn More Psychological Reactions Muslims believe that their religion requires total submission to God and they guard this belief zealously. The mosque also is the most a sacred place of worship where non-Muslims should not enter, as they will profane the holy place. On the other hand, non-Muslims harbor many misconceptions about Muslims. Therefore, if a Muslim encounters non-Muslim in a mosque during the course of worship, psychological mechanism of evaluation apprehension ensues. According to Myer (2008), â€Å"†¦when two or more people who, for longer than a few moments , interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as [us]† (p. 262). This happens in an interactive process of social loafing, facilitation and deindividuation. Social loafing occurs when the non-Muslim receives guidance through the process of worship, while social facilitation occurs when evaluation apprehension increases on the part of Muslims. In this case , they perceive that non-Muslims are watching their way of worship. Myer (2008) asserts that, â€Å"deindividuation represents a breakdown in evaluation apprehension because of decrease in self-consciousness, and an increase in group consciousness that can lead to more disinhibited behavior† (p. 263). The balance in social loafing, facilitation and deindividuation will give effective social interaction in the worship service. Conclusion Multicultural and religious misconceptions and preconceptions affect the effective interaction between people. The misconceptions and preconceptions of the Muslims and their religion limit the effective interaction of Muslims and non-Muslims in the mosque. For the worship service to be interactive despite barriers of misconceptions and preconceptions, the evaluation apprehension process requires reduced social loafing and increased social facilitation and deindividuation. References Ahmad, H. (2008). Misconceptions about Islam. The Islamic Jou rnal, 6(3), 20-27. Print. Myers, D. (2008). Social Psychology. New York: McGraw Hill.Advertising Looking for term paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This term paper on Attending a Mosque during a Religious Services was written and submitted by user Corey Rosales to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Great Leaders essay

buy custom Great Leaders essay Charlemagne and Augustus Caesar are two great names in the history of men. Their achievement and accomplishment is far from emulation. They have left a mark in the history for what they did are worth to be remembered forever. It has been said that these two great men were considered as two great leaders that the mankind has ever produced. However, much we know of them is more on the fact that they were not contemporaries and we tend to separate one another. It is the now the purpose of this essay to present that the two great men of history namely, Charlemagne and Caesar Augustus, do have similarities and some extent of deviation from one another. The main reference of this essay is the Life of Charlemagne by Einhard and and Augustus Caesars Res Gestae Divi Augusti, in "Discovering the Western Past". To proceed I would like to cite specific satge in our two great mens lives as societys highest leader and how are they similar and how do they differ in that specific stage. The accession to the throne In order to start this essay, let me begin by describing how Charlemagne and Caesar Augustus ascend to the throne fit for a king. What have they done to deserve such honor and title? Is the born innate to them since the day theyre born? Or had they work for it? The Augustus Caesars Res Gestae Divi Augusti had revealed that Caesar Augustus ascended to the throne by working on it and gaining the peoples trust specially those who compose the council. Thus, Caesar assumed the highest office through public approval which was after he had proven his worth as a leader. While Einhard revealed that Charlemagne inherited the throne from his father. But whichever reason paved the way to the throne for these two great men, I think that the two texts both agreed that Charlemagne and Caesar Augustus both proven and shown their capacity and worth as the highest leader of their country in their times. On war and in pursuit of kingdom expansion As a leader on those times of Charlemagne and Caesar Augustus, one main concern of the state is to protect the state from being invaded by other expanding state and to expanding by invading other states. Thus army and defenses were priorities of the state during that time.Just like Caesar Augustus, Charlemagne had done this army thing. He managed to led his army against different foes and he emerged victorious. Thus, during his time, there is apparent expansion of the state. More properties were grabbed. Many resources were gained. Through this,the state became richer and richer than ever. According to the two texts which is the Life of Charlemagne and Augustus Caesars Res Gestae Divi Augusti showed the greatness of the two in terms of facing war and making tough decisions when a need arises. The two great leaders had a clear program on what to extend, why extending land and the ways and means to implement such program. Einhard clearly expressed the aggressiveness of Charlemagne in war. He did not mention that Charlemagne take a second thought in his participation in war. Hes confident in every war hes into and he took sure steps. Hes ambitious in expanding his territory. Just like Charlemagne, Caesar Augustus seemed to be ambitious too in expanding his kingdom. However, Caesar sought peace in his war. It is evident in his writings, I extended the frontiers of all the provinces.I restored peace to Gallic and Spanish provinces. Charlemagne too created an atmosphere of peace in his territory since he tried to settle public and political dispute by letting the captives choose, death or Christianity. On public and social works Leader as they were, theyre ought to perform social task that will bring forth benefit for the people. They must fulfill their duty in caring and giving whats best for his society. Thus, Charlemagne and Caesar Augustus were subject to social and political responsibilities and obligations. Einhard mentioned that Charlemagne although occupied by the thought of subduing the other nations, he had devised plans about programs that will benefit his constituents and some were completed. These projects range from bridges to landmarks and basilicas. While Caesar Augustus focused on sensible games of Olympics and honoring such using his name. thus Augustus concerns more in improving physical aspect of public life. He is more concern of amusement. Although being more focus in the Olympics and the development of physical prowess, Augustus took time in managing the engineering of different structures that became the landmarks of the ancient Rome. Thus, we here the similarity of the two in giving time for public works but Augustus focus more on amusements and the development of physical prowess of his constituent. On democracy Let us be aware that the contemporary of Augustus is the birth of the concept of democracy and Augustus was completely aware of that. He completely understands that his power emanates from the voice of people who voted him thus he was well guuided throughout his reign that no one stood higher than the mass who elected him. Thus, a primary concept of democracy was visible in Augustus leadership. One event that provides the proof that Augustus was indeed a democratic leader is that he transferred his power to Roman senate and people. This action is greatly a breakthrough in other astronomical studies. Unlike Caesar Augustus, Charlemagnes reign is a monarchial format where there is only one leader in the group and all decision emanates from her. This is due to the fact that democracy that time is not popular and just a fresh idea that needs to be tested. Thus, many have doubted that album. Conclusion: Einhards depiction of Charlemagnes life and leadership skills contains similarities and some differences with how Caesar Augustus described his character in his Caesars Res Gestae Divi Augusti. And I would like to sum up the similarities and differences of two great men ever written in pages of history. In order to present this MCQ, allow me to deliver this in numbered form. The two leaders share a common thirst. A thirst for territorial expansion. As a result, they have used war as a tool in attaining this goal. However, Augustus considers establishing peace in different provinces where civil disputes occur. The two leaders provided public works which involves building infrastructure which will benefit the society where theyre living. However, August put more emphasis in public entertainment and to the development of physical prowess among its faculty. Charlemagnes leadership is more on monarchial while Augustus performance is very good and he is more adapting the democracy way of teaching. Comparing the two great leaders in history will leave us a question, who is the better of the two? Which leader did more in the society? Let us recall that the two leaders were born in different time frame with different existing social condition. It is said that Charlemagne did small things compare to Caesars achievement. Let us note that during Charlemagnes regime, the civilization is still at low. Only few were given a chance to educate themselves. Unlike during Caesars time, the civilization is at top or high level of literacy and mental activities are present. We cannot compare whose contribution is best since each contribution is serving the very purpose of the time it was served. Buy custom Great Leaders essay

Acceptance Under Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Acceptance Under Contract Law - Essay Example Consideration is an added benefit that is bargained for and may also include a promise to compromise upon a dispute, but the important factor is that it must be a new obligation, over and above what has already been agreed to in the original contract. The principle of consideration determines whether an oral promise may be enforceable since an implicit contract is formed if the person making the promise is receiving something in return – some consideration [www.abanet.org, pp 22]. This involves the exchange of â€Å"something of value† or the promise to do something in future.[www.bplans.co.uk, 2003]. The basic premise of a contract is the concept of Offer and Acceptance. When one party makes an offer and another party accepts it – either orally or in writing – then a contract is said to exist [www.bplans.co.uk, 2003]. In order for a contract to be valid, both the parties need to exchange something of value. If one party promises orally to give something to the other but does not follow through with it, his promise is not enforceable, unless the other party agreed to do something in return for the promised gift, in which case a contract does exist and may be enforceable. Once an agreement has been made and a contract entered into, any agreement to vary the contract is likely to be based upon some consideration, especially if the pacts is increased under the doctrine of economic duress. The doctrine of consideration has however been argued as being too â€Å"blunt an instrument† since its â€Å"reasoning was such that it could make a promise invalid even thoug h no pressure had been exerted by the promisee at all.† [Trietel, 2002, pp 14]. In this connection, there is already in existence a written contract between the two parties, which lays out the terms of payment for services rendered, ie, three installment payments of 10,000 pounds each to be made by Roger.

Modern Artists Joan Miro and Marcel Duchamp Essay

Modern Artists Joan Miro and Marcel Duchamp - Essay Example The essay "Modern Artists Joan Miro and Marcel Duchamp" explores Joan Miro and Marcel Duchamp and their works. Marcel’s artwork stands out as an artistic handy work with varied materials that make it real and fascinating to look at thereby inducing immense attention from viewers. This is because the artwork comprises of varied incorporated material not necessarily purchased by procured locally probably collecting worn out pieces of metals and other materials including threads. At a first glance, one cannot tell if the materials used entail ready available resources like copper collar, metal stand and a pulley. I also got fascinated by the work since it shows how thought major level of creativity. This is because for one to come up with a final product that encompasses fitting a painted papier- mache demisphere on velvet covered disk requires patience as well as outstanding creativity. Other intriguing encompasses the artiste’s blending of harmonious colors within the wh ole piece of work, which are black, white and brown. Hence, making the object appear integrated also with its settings and other parts such that it is not contrasting its varied parts together with shadow cast just close to it. This brings out the impact of visibility, which makes it exceptional compared to other pieces of work that may resemble it. Mainly, this is an artistic technique commonly associated with exceptional artists in their quest to create attention despite their works’ settings or placement in a museum as in Marcel’s artwork. ... Based on this piece of work (completed in 1936) depicting perching parrot, I guess the artist’s interest encompassed making his works resemble mostly nature and other wild creatures though in an illogical manner. This is evident in the way he is capable of incorporating wild features in his work and other things like a shoe as well as hat whose original settings as expected by mere audience does not resemble what he has made through this artwork. However, the artwork is extremely intriguing, which was the reason of choosing it. Similar to Marcel, the artists has also embraced use of harmonious though having lighter shading to align adequately with the artwork settings and somehow wildly nature. The latter is evident in the way the perched by the parrot seems all through having almost close colors thus no sharp contrasting. In addition, Miro’s work resembles that of his counterpart Marcel through assembly of varied aspects to create a unique and an identifiable object. I n comparison with Marcel’s artwork, Miro seemed to have gone further into utilizing refined aspects to come up with this artwork, which are shoe, art and others like different material for engraving the map, which is diverse from the brown one protruding from the base. The reason behind choosing this artwork was due to the artist’s fascinating way of incorporating nature with other aspects to make the viewer deem he or she is in the wild. This is via Joan merging varied materials to come up with appears like a tree hoisting a bird in order to bring out the hidden fascination in nature and the wild. Thesis: Marcel and Joan despite their respective artworks differing in the manner of materials incorporated in

Hypothesis and rationale Essay Example for Free

Hypothesis and rationale Essay The research proposal is based on the hypothesis that the current Tactical Personnel System training needs to be more effective and hence a departure from passive slide show system to more interactive system is a necessity. The main aim is that the personnel who have to undergo interactive training will learn and absorb more information than those with comparable amounts of passive TPS training experience. The modification in the system is now being developed with the introduction of hyperstudio. This will be analyzed through a set of tests organized by the researcher with scope of applicable to both control and experimental groups. A new set of TPS training sequences with the hyperstudio will be organized with the fact that practical experience with project based approach with the use of hyperstudio as its rational being the more valuable knowledge again rather than passively acquired knowledge. The memory retention based theme of current learning mediums of slideshow presentations and other media with possible utilization in the training fields has not been good enough to provide any real benefits if performance on the real world makes way. A more intensive, interactive and practical approach based training method has to be adopted so as to promote full use of the TPS system. An instructional system in an improvised format will result in an increase level of proficiency and full utilization of the TPS capabilities. Methodology Participants The population of the study will consist of uniformed soldiers, senior officials and the training staff. The sample population will perform manifesting operations in Fort Hood, Texas, which is the largest military installation in the world, and currently home of two divisions of approximately 16,000 soldiers each. One support command of 12,000 soldiers, and numerous reserves with joint argumentation that makes it one of the most deployable military assets in the United States inventory. Setting The research will take place in the participants’ current work location. No artificial environment or classroom setup will be provided due to the widely dispersed locations and issues of logistical support. Procedure The goal of this research is to determine the effectiveness of the new set of training exercises compared to the current TPS training program. Initially, a simple random sample of 100 uniformed soldiers who have all had full TPS field experience will be given a baseline test organized by the researcher. The results will be compiled for later comparison with the research results, and those initially tested will no longer take part in the study. Then, two groups of 100 uniformed soldiers each (obtained through simple random sampling), all with previous TPS training, will be selected. A copy of the TPS users manual, test sheets, questionnaire, and the new set of additional TPS interactive training exercises will be emailed to the individual accounts of the experimental group, and a copy of the standard set of TPS training exercises, users manual, test sheets, and questionnaire will be emailed to the individual accounts of the experimental group. They will undergo a preliminary test to determine their current knowledge, and then they will be instructed to go through the exercises and then answer the test that immediately follows. Participants will be asked to volunteer for a one-on-one interview that will identify their concerns with the training, and also recommendations on how to improve the training. Finally, they will all be directed to complete a questionnaire that will address their overall impression of the material. Research Design The sample for this study will be selected from military personnel through simple random sampling. The variables that might affect the research are training intensity, computer literacy, personal military background, and age. Since all members of the sample groups have individual access to computers and email, the material and instructions for the study will be sent by e-mail. They will be required to complete a preliminary test and then independently go through the new exercises (if in the experimental group) or through the TPS user refresher slideshow presentation (if in the control group), and then complete the second test. A viable mode of administering the interactive training and tests may be through the use of a Macromedia ® Flash interactive presentation in a web browser. The second test and the questionnaire can be included and come right after the training, thus minimizing the possibility of cheating. Questionnaires are one of the most popular ways in which data may be collected. These are used for a range of purposes and will often be the tool used to collect quantitative data. But it is worth mentioning that although this may be classified as mostly a quantitative process of collecting data it may also be a qualitative method, depending on the number, depth and style of the questions. Data will also be collected using questionnaires, surveys, and interviews given to participants that agree in advance. Prior coordination with the individual’s supervisor will be arranged, as they will be able to promote timely collection and also minimize non-responses. To protect the identity of the individual and foster sincere responses, all questionnaires will be marked with a Letter P and a number to identify the passively-trained sample and a letter A with a number to identify the field-trained sample. A predetermined set of questions will be answered using the Likert Scale and measured using t-test for independent sample. All completed surveys and questionnaires will be collected from location on a pre-determined date. Quantitative research over here has relied more on the large amount of results, with the recorded data being mainly numerical in type and has been suitably used as a method of determining cause and effect relationships (Curwin and Slater, 2001). But this qualitative research is narrower and more concentrated by looking to information to be gained in-depth from a smaller quantity of subjects (Curwin and Slater, 2001). Since the data over here require phenomenal research of Grounded theory as well as historical research hence this Qualitative research is best suited for getting applied (Curwin and Slater, 2001). Since the research undertaken over here has been basically done on analysing how the use of Hyperstudio can effect change in the pattern of TPS training, the study of the same is going add something to the existing knowledge. Therefore, we must consider the different aspects of research that will characterise a research project as valid; these may include issues such as reliability, validity, objectivity, causality and bias. These may be seen in the questions that are asked, the way they are asked through phrasing and order, and in questions that are not asked. Therefore the questionnaire has been designed while considering the full possibility of getting certain answers, but in what type of answers are attained and to be seen as impartial. There are different aspects that need to be considered so that it will be accepted and good solid research. The formulation of a questionnaire may be inherently biased and reflect the desired out come rather than an objective research method. Reliability may be perceived as one of the easier objectives. This is often seen as the ability of the same study to be conducted and the results to prove the same, however repeatability does it mean that a research project is valid and can be relied upon (Denzin, 1978). We have considered other aspects of the research rather that just reliability in order to make the project valid. Reliability must also come from the level of confidence that may be seen in a study from the objectivity or recognised subjectivity which may be seen to arise. The project have been undertaken from a subjective perspective and those asking the questions if a face to face method is used, do not known the study purpose. The first stage to recognise that subjectivity is present and then recognised in order to overcome. If we set out to prove a model is true it is easy for the research to be biased, just as if we are looking for specific information other aspects may be ignored or forgotten. As such although the researcher may be biased there are certain measures that can be taken to ensure the research model used can be seen to have been implemented objectively. In designing the questionnaire it is likely that there will be others involved either by way of observation or the correlation of the data. When designing the research questions, there should be no indication of the final purpose of the study, in this way we might limit the bias of the respondents and ensure there is a lower risk of the cross contamination of bias (Denzin, 1978). However, it must also be recognised that we can never completely extinguish research bias. Data Analysis When looking at the way a sample should be chosen there will be the desire to choose a sample that is representative of the personnels that is going to be targeted. If the population is not representative then the results will not be representative. The way in which we need to consider the target is to look at the way sampling will be used. In this scale we need to talk to people who are either getting training or have been trained or are providing instructions while training. The first aspect is whether probability or non-probability sampling should be used. Probability sampling is a more random sampling style, the basis of this is that the selection of each respondent is a matter of chance and that all respondents will have an equal chance of being chosen, in many cases this can be a known probably of the respondent being selected. There are a number of sampling techniques that fall into this category. These include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified and cluster sampling. In total there are more than 30 probability sampling techniques (Malhotra, 1999). Random sampling is best defined as a sampling method was any member of the population will not have a zero chance of selection where the chances can be calculated. Looking at these different methods, simple random sampling is the most basic. This is where all members shave the same chance of being chosen and where the knowledge of another population member being chosen for sampling will not alter the odds. A method of undertaking this is choosing names out of a hat or any other random method. Stratified sampling is where the population of the sample is separated into distinct groups which do not overlap; this is where stratification is seen. There will then be samples taken from each of these groups. For example, this may be a sample that is divided into male and females, likewise we may look at those who can and do use the internet and those who do not. There may also be the use of age groups, they key is no overlaps between the groups. The next potential method may be multistage sampling. This may consist of two, three or more stages in the sampling. The process will start with the division of the population into non-overlapping groups as seen with the stratified sampling. However this is only the first stage, following this a sample of the first stage units will be chosen according to different criteria. We can also look at non probability sampling techniques as these will have a level of intervention to ensure the sample is representative. The most common is quota sampling, but this will also include judgement sampling, convenience sampling, random route sampling and snowball sampling (Talmage 1988). Quota sampling is exactly as it appears to sound, there are the definition of quotas to be used. In many cases these will consist of gender, age groups and social class quotas, which may or may not have crossovers. This is used widely in commercial settings but this is also a method that is not supported as widely in academic circles (Ojeda and Sahai, 2002). Opportunity sampling is where an opportunity is sought to interview or gain the opinions of a particular group and will then place themselves or the survey in the position of those who may be most appropriate for that study (Talmage 1988). Random route sampling where is there is a route planned and the interviewer may travel that route to gather data and hopefully meet potential subjects. This is a very random method of sampling and is also difficult to gain the correct numbers where there is quantitative data required. Snowball sampling is a method that can be used when there is a scenario of a large level of data being required in a short period of time (Talmage 1988). This may be used with a few key people being approached and interviewed which will then lead to more potential candidates being identified (Talmage 1988). Self section is also a non random type of sampling as the respondents will volunteer themselves and a last type we may consider is that of plausibility sampling which is defined by Talmage (1988) as â€Å"a sample selected because it appears plausible that the members are representative of a wider population, without any real evidence† (page 82). With each of these methods there are advantages and disadvantages, we need to consider which is going to be most appropriate considering the population required and the sample and the sampling method. Looking at all of these it appears that the most appropriate method will be that snowballing, it is not the fastest but it is likely to provide the best results in identifying potential respondents for the research. The mean is the measure of average performance of a group on a measure of some variable (Gay Airasian, 2003). Data analysis is meant to calculate the mean between variables by finding relations among the variables. Initial data analysis will begin with the comparison of the test results from the control and experimental groups. All survey, questionnaire, and interview data will be collected, converted to values and processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of the control and experimental groups will then also be compared with the results from the baseline test. After this, the results will be analyzed to test the hypothesis through a classification system for each value. The demographic variables such as gender, age, and education will be grouped under one category, while questions related to the hypothesis will be grouped in another useful category. The numeric values will be evaluated using the t-test, which assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other. Results from participants will be analyzed by thorough examination of the survey, questionnaires, and interviews. The mean analysis comparison will determine changes on the responses from the initial baseline survey to the second and final survey. The questionnaire data will be used to analyze the effectiveness of the current mediums of the TPS. Results from the statistical data will indicate the consistency of the training effectiveness for participants overall. It will also identify the program’s current shortfalls on its training objectives. The hypothesis will be accepted only if the experimental group scores higher in the final tests and the difference in their scores are statistically significant (5% or higher in this case). References Ausubel, D. P. (1968). Educational psychology: A cognitive view. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston. Benware, C. A. Deci, E. A. (1984). Quality learning with an active versus passive motivational set. American Educational Research Journal. 21(4), 755-765. Biggs, J. (1999). Assessing for learning: some dimensions underlying new approaches to educational assessment. The Alberta Educational Research, 4(1), 1-17. Bransford, J. D. , Brown, A. L. , Cocking, R. R. (Eds. ). (2000). How people learn: Brain, min,d experience, and school: Expanded Edtion. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Curwin J, Slater R (2001), Quantitative Methods for Business Decisions, London, Thompson Business Press. Darlington, Y. , Scott, D. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Stories from the field. Buckingham: Open University Press. Delaney, J. T. , Huselid, M. A. (1996). The impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 949-969. Denzin N K. (1978), The Research Act, New York: McGraw-Hill Dick, W. , Carey, L. , Carey, J. O. (2001). The systematic design of instruction. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. Dochy, F. , Seger, M. , Buehl, M. (1999). 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Mental models: A research focus for interactive learning systems. Educational Technology Research and Development, 40(3), 39-53. Jones, I. (1997). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods in sports fan research [Electronic version]. The Qualitative Report, 3(4). Kirshner, P. A. (2006). (Inter)dependent learning: Learning is interaction. Den Haag: CIP-Gegevens Koninklijke Bibliotheek. Malhotra N K, (1999), Marketing Research. An Applied Orientation, (International Edition), London, Prentice Hall. Merchant, B. , Willis, A. (2001). Multiple and Intersecting Identities in Qualitative Research. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Ojeda, Mario Miguel; Sahai, Hardeo, (2002, Nov-Dec), Design-based Sample and Probability Law-Assumed Sample: Their Role in Scientific Investigation, International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, v33 n6 p819-28 Orr, T. (2002). Set the right tone. Writing 25(3), 20-22. 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Pojmans View on Merit Essay -- Philosophy, ethics

In this paper, I will attempt to elaborate on situations where actions have a fitting response to deeds performed. It is my understanding of Pojman's view of which I agree, that "Every action in the universe has a fitting response" (Pojman, 1999, p. 96). I also agree that "Evil deeds must be followed by evil outcomes and good deeds by good outcomes" (Pojman, 1999, p. 96). Take for instance if you commit murder, I feel that you should be put to death. Yes, I know some people may argue this fact but just think about the grieving family of the person who is no longer alive, they are in pain and they suffer while the person who committed murder is still alive. This is why I feel the one who committed the crime should be harshly punished, That person did not think of the hurt that it would cause there family or loved ones so in turn the one who did the crime should be put to death as well. Now I know this will now make two grieving families but again think of the main family at hand. I feel just putting the person in jail is not good enough because they are still living, mean while the other person did not have a chance and is now dead. I also feel why should we as citizens pay for a murderer to be alive in jail and able to stay alive watching TV when the other person is not able to do anything. Yes this is cruel punishment but again it is also just as cruel to commit murder with out legal and just cause. Here are a few more examples of Evil and Punishment: Rape: If a person rapes another person, say it is a male doing the act then I feel it should be a severe punishment. The punishment should be castration of the penis. This form of punishment would prevent the person from doing such act again and not allow then to have... ...hey did serve for us and our/their country and they did their best. It should not matter if they were hurt or not and it should not matter if they only served 4 years or less, No matter what they should receive benefits. I feel a good way of showing our men and woman appreciation is to help them say a marriage happens I feel the military should help out with at least half, and if the person dies they should pay for the entire funeral. To me that really would show appreciation to them for what hey did. Any person who serves should be recognized and rewarded as for what they did they did for us and their country and they did not have to do it at all. So in conclusion yes, I would agree with Pojman we do deserve what get rather it be good or evil/bad. Works Cited Pojman, Louis P. Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong. 5th edition. Thomson Nelson. Toronto: 2005.

Comparison of Jane Eyre and “Goblin Market” Essay

Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Rossetti’s â€Å"Goblin Market† are both texts written in the Victorian period. They both carry similar themes of the evils of patriarchy and the importance of empowering women to assert their identity in this time period. Both Jane Eyre and Laura are characters that are affected by the issues that mainly affected women in the male-dominated Victorian society. This is clearly portrayed when the men in both texts try to confine women physically and emotionally through deception and force. The different portrayal of both male and female characters also plays a very important role in communicating these issues. Rossetti’s â€Å"Goblin Market† can be read as a criticism of Victorian arrangement of marriage. She stresses the importance of women’s friendship as the main agent that can help in fighting against or changing society’s exploitation of women. The two sisters represent two different kinds of women; Lizzie, th e submissive ones and Laura, those that fought against patriarchy, and the goblins represent the patriarchal system. It shows that women can control their destinies, gain some level of independence, and avoid society’s oppressive rules and work towards their liberation and happiness. In the Victorians society men where more educated, powerful and rich hence they dominated women. Women were subjugated to the home as housewives whilst their husbands earned money for the family. This gave the men even more power over women, both before and after marriage. Therefore, this led to the society ignoring and exploiting of women’s rights and abilities, and social status. The goblin men, full of promises not kept, dominate goblin Market, which symbolizes marriage. This clearly shows how men controlled the marriage arrangement. Women had no or little power in society to get what they want hence would resort to selling themselves in marriage. Beauty and look was their only power and so they traded this and offered themselves for the security of a husband. The goblin men are described as animal-like but they still have power and influence over the women. Patriarchy is portrayed as being corrupt and deceptive. Rossetti shows that women were usually coaxed into marriage with lavish promises of love, wealth, status and security. This is seen when the goblin men persistently and persuasively cry out to the girls to â€Å"come buy our†¦.plump†¦sweet†¦rare† (lines 2-15) fruits. Lizzie, the docile sister succumbs to the Goblin’s seduction but her sister Laura realizes the danger and firmly resists the lure of the Goblin men. Laura’s character represents a generation of women brave enough to rebel against stereotypes created by women as loose and passionate as well as fight women subjugation. Men’s deceit is evident in women’s disappointments in marriage. Despite the strict marital laws, men could make a commitment to woman but later leave and go to another woman. This can be seen when Laura returns to the market in need of more fruits but she finds no goblins, they have disappeared with all their succulent fruits. This breaks Laura’s heart and she becomes depressed when she realizes that she may never get to eat the fruits again. This is equivalent to the disappointment most women faced after marriage, in that they were not completely satisfied and happy because they were repressed, oppressed and not loved as much as they expected. Surprisingly though, Lizzie who hasn’t yet tasted the fruits, can still hear the cries of the goblins. She however, manages to resist their incessant cries and calling but focuses on caring for her sister and looking ways of brining her back to life. Lizzie here could represent unmarried women desired by men and being coaxed into marriage. Observing her sister’s pitiful state teaches and empowers Lizzie, and it enables her to avoid falling for the goblin’s temptations. The struggle that could results from a woman’s attempt to fight patriarchy is represented when goblins use violence to taunt and torment her, but Lizzie does not falter or give in to their demands, â€Å"Though the goblins cuffed and caught her, Coaxed and fought her, Bullied and besought her, Scratched her, pinched her black as ink, Kicked and knocked her, Mauled and mocked her, Lizzie uttered not a word; Would not open lip from lip Lest they should cram a mouthful in†(lines 424-432). She represents strong women who were brave enough to stand up fight against society’s oppressive norms towards women. Her role as her sister’s savior shows the need for women’s collective action, how powerful they can be in fighting for their rights. Her persistence and effort could empower other women to stand up for their rights and continue fighting this kind of oppression and subjugation of women. Lizzie is able to resist the rape and humiliation that the goblins attempt on her because she has leverage. She comes with a coin in her purse, which gives her bargaining power even though it is little, she can trade with goblins on equal terms without following their terms. The violent and persistent behavior of the goblins in trying to force Lizzie to eat the fruit represents the forceful nature of men when it came to forcing women to submit to them in marriage. However, Lizzie is strong and persistent in resisting eating the fruit, but she lets the fruit juices stick to her body so that she can bring it home to her sister. When she arrives home she tells Laura to â€Å"hug me, kiss me, suck my juices† (line 468) and Laura does exactly that. The effect of the juices seems to work as they wake her from her trance and make her look more alive. The ending of the poem which hints at a possible erotic relationship between Laura and Lizzie could be a further commentary on how this newly found sense of identity also leads to a newly discovery of women’s sexuality instead of the old tradition of being restricted to only having romantic relations with men. However, the most important thing it that there is no presence of the domineering influence of goblin men in the lives of the two women. Similarly, Bronte’s Jane Eyre discreetly rebels against her society’s patriarchal system where â€Å"Women, in their inferior treatment in Victorian society, are treated by society like they were no more responsible or worthy of respect than children†(Lewis). She develops into a strong, independent, self-assured and empowered young woman. Her character stands out from the many conforming women characters in the novel especially Bertha, Rochester’s lunatic wife who is locked in the attic of his house, confined and being controlled by her husband like many married women. â€Å"Females were supposed to be quiet, submissive, passive, and loyal to their husbands†(Lewis). Jane Eyre on the other hand has her own ideas of how women should behave and what their role in society should be, contrary to what society dictates. We can see her rebellion against these oppressive societal norms when she says that; â€Å"Women are supposed to be very calm generally: but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer; and it is narrowed-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making pudding and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex.† (Brontà « 112-13) She freely expresses her thoughts and her unfeminine ways puzzle most male and female characters in the novel. Also, she refuses to be charmed by Rochester who calls her angel and plans on transforming her through her dress style by she blatantly refuses this. Although he tries to convince her she does not believe him, she still remains skep tical and cautious. This clearly shows her refusal to be the woman that society expects her to be, gullible and naà ¯ve, just like Lizzie who is not fooled by the goblins. Most male characters in this novel are also portrayed negatively because here too, they represent the evil patriarchal system. Rochester, one of the male characters in Jane Eyre is described as â€Å"masculine; and†¦ dark, strong, and stern,†(115) a better description as compared to the animal-like goblins but still bad. Bronte mainly highlights his masculine features, his dominance, energy, and authoritative and forceful nature. Jane says that; â€Å"I knew my traveler with his broad and jetty eyebrows; his square forehead, made squarer by the horizontal sweep of his black hair..†¦yes, all three were very grim and no mistake. His shape, now divested of cloak, I perceived harmonized in squareness with his physiognomy; I suppose it was a good figure in the athletic sense of the term†¦broad chested and thin flank ed, though neither tall nor graceful (122). This masculinity translates to the power that men possessed over women in the Victorian era, evident in Rochester’s deceptive scheming plot to charm and deceive Jane into marrying him as his second wife. The wedding would have continued if he hadn’t confessed the truth. Bertha’s situation reveals women’s vulnerability in marriage. Rochester lies that they are divorced because he knows that he has silenced her by hiding her away and she cannot speak against him. Rochester also thinks he understands women, especially Jane but Bronte make it is clear that he does not understand her at all. Just like in â€Å"Goblin Market† men and women are not equals. The relationship is like a slave and his master hence problems in seeing eye to eye. Similar to â€Å"Goblin’s Market† Rochester’s former mistresses are an example of victims of the unfair marriage system which does not live up to its promises. Jane refers to the mistresses as  "these poor girls† (348) because she realizes that she could have easily been like them. Rochester also plays â€Å"games with her heart and soul in order to conduct a sort of experiment for his own benefit and amusement†(Lewis). Luckily for her, she avoids the trap by observing and learning from the other victims, just like Lizzie is able to learn from her sister’s mistake. Jane also struggles to overcome the danger of falling for Rochester’s lavish promises of love and wealth. Rochester’s persistence threatens her beliefs; she admits, â€Å"I loved him very much†¦more than I could trust myself to say†¦more than words had power to express† (295). Even though she is strong willed, Rochester’s dominance and deception threaten to consume her, she says; â€Å"My future husband was becoming to me my whole world†¦almost my hope of heaven. He stood between me and every thought of religion, as an eclipse intervenes between man and the broad sun. I could not, in those days, see God for his creature: of whom I had made an idol† (307). However, she gets a lucky escape when Rochester confesses. Jane lets â€Å" her fate to be dictated by herself and her own actions instead of the wishes and direction of Mr. Rochester†(Lewis). She sticks to her principles and leaves him. Jane also manages to assert her own identity in the male-dominated society even though both Mr. Rochester and St. John Rivers try to confine her to a subordinate position in order to control her. She achieves this by rejecting both Rochester and St. John. She only agrees to get married to Mr. Rochester after ensuring that their marriage is truly based on equality. She now has wealth and almost the same social class with him. Just like Lizzie was able to trade with the goblins because she had money. Brontà « uses Jane’s rebellious character to communicate her thoughts, as well as oppose Victorian subjugation and stereotypes about women in the Victorian society. Bronte and Rossetti can be seen as two of the few brave female writers who used their writing to denounce the oppressive norms of the Victorian society for women. The fight against patriarchy in both texts lead to empowerment of women and the discovery of their sense of identity, this attributes to the content and positive ending of both texts. Jane Eyre, Laura and Lizzie seem to have achieved a sense of security, happiness, and pride. Both texts end on a positive note, promising better relationships/understanding between men and women as well as better if not equal treatment. Works Cited: Robert Lewis, Gender Roles in Charlote Brontes Jane Eyre. The woman question: sexuality, sisterhood and subversion in chris ross† gblin market.