The effects of Interior Design and staff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

The effects of Interior Design and staff - Essay Example Ulrich (2010, p.97) argues that the failure of hard facilities are attributed to the fact that they are stressful and does not satisfy the psychological needs of patients, staff and visitors. Research indicates that poor design impacts negatively on the well-being of patients. In addition, poor designs can affect the psychological pointers of wellness negatively. In this regard, research has associated poor design of the interior medical environment to a number of negative consequences for patients such as delirium, anxiety, high blood pressure, and increased intake of pain drugs. Therefore, the interior design has a responsibility to produce health facilities that enhances functional efficiency, marking, codes and reduces cost. In addition, designers should also aim at promoting the wellness of patients by designing physical environment that is psychologically supportive. Ulrich (2010, p.97) argues that a psychologically supportive environment promote patients’ coping with il lnesses such as stress and depression. In addition, a supporting environment impacts greatly on the healing effects of drugs, which enhances the recovery process. Poor designs, on the other hand, does not promote patients’ coping with stress since it is associated with stressors that only worsen the patient’s condition. Poor designs have also been found to have effects that negatively impacts on the healing process. Based on the above comments, this paper will examine the extent to which the interior design on medical environment stimulates patients and staff. Why a good healthcare environment is important for patients Edge (2003, p.2) argues that environmental factors influences how people behave in a given building setting. As a result, dating back to 1960s, architects have strongly believed that if someone can manipulate his environment to enhance physical well-being, then he or she can influence it to promote the behavior required and do away with the negative cons equences. The concept has since played a major role in the design of hospitals facilities all over the world. Naturally, when someone is not comfortable with the physical environment where he or she lives, the person can solve the problem by either finding the ways of adapting to the same environment or simply departing the area. However, this does not apply in hospital facilities. This is attributed to the fact that patients have no control of designing to change the environment or leave altogether because they are held captive in their surroundings. As a result, the responsibility of enhancing the wellness of patients on the hospital is placed upon the designers according to Malkin (1992, p.16). Edge (2003, p. 3) notes that designers usually face a huge challenge in coming up with a good interior design that enhances the well-being of patients. Patients usually come to the hospital suffering from a given ailment. As such, it is imperative that the interior design of the hospital f acilities positively influences the psychological state of patients and promote their recovery process. â€Å"Good quality design will contribute to providing an environment in which patients will be safe and secure. Well-designed buildings, capable

Nightmare on Elm Street Essay Example for Free

Nightmare on Elm Street Essay Nightmare on Elm Street 10 genre is horror he’s centralized looking down not facing the audience or giving eye contact gives a feeling of unease to the PTA as we dont know who the person or creature is so it causes ambiguity in the audiences eyes. Binary oppositions of dark and light so could connote good versus evil it goes darker towards the bottom title is written in red connotes blood the colours of red browns and blacks are typical of the horror genre connotes death, fear, scary he is also holding a sharp knife with the lighting showing the edge of the knife which is used to show it hasnt been used yet so who is the attackers new victim going to be? The title in red represents the colour of blood and inevitable death some of the letters on nightmare are fogged over meaning its conspicuous and something isnt right it creates an enigma in the primary target audiences eyes. Freddie Kruger is foregrounded in the image so he is more important than the layout of the text the clothes on the killer are worn which would connote he is old and aged the film typography is very similar to the film layout used in devils rejects its contextual with that film The poster ‘welcome to your new nightmare’ it’s directly talking to the audience and emphasizes the word new so the audience would infer what ‘new nightmare am I having nightmares already’? He is clasping his hands tightly showing that he is ready to kill. The connotations from this poster show deeper meaning. A part used in the mis-en-scene in this poster that shows this is the lighting, the poster is dominated by dim low lighting which gives a dim creepy like feel, also Freddie is bowing his head covering half his face with the his, gives an air of mystery, which may have the audience thinking, ‘what lengths will he go to’?. There is also a white light that is shining from behind him which represents hope and peace but in this setting could connote that death is near, as it’s said that people near death experience following the white light, with Kruger being in front of the light this could connote that he will be with them in death so that they will never have peace from him. The Iconic claw is also emphasized by a little lighting giving the effect that it is glistening, which suggests the claw is a sharp clean weapon that is waiting to be used this effect is used to help make the claw a main focus of the poster. Freddie is also clutching his hands which show that he is ready to attack but the mystery is he is only showing one claw, what else does he have as weapons? The main text used is a type of Serif Fonts this gives the poster and aged feel, although the rest of the poster is quite modern, this may suggest remake of the classic Nightmare on Elm Street. The poster is trying to sell something other than star qualities to get the viewers to watch this film and instead they are enticing peoples natural curiosities which surround horror films, an example being where common in horror films is the main protagonist curiosity leads them into danger when they should of ran. The tag line on this poster welcome to your new nightmare is more of a very brief description of the film and therefore contrasts with other movie posters in the since they dont use this space to show the viewer of the poster other peoples praise of the film to encourage people to watch this film, the tag line itself suggests this is a film to scare people this is stated in the tag line nightmare the colour of the font is a dark grey talking of dreams and using dark colours emphasizes these will be dark dreams which fits with the plot of the film.

ComputAbility - Sales Goals Essay -- essays research papers

ComputAbility, a mail-order company, began in 1982. An authorized reseller of computer software and hardware, ComputAbility offers their clients over 50,000 products. The company has built their reputation on a foundation of competitive prices and quality service. In August of 1997, Creative Computers, also a mail-order company, acquired ComputAbility. The acquisition provided a number of benefits to the company, primarily a larger product selection to offer to customers. Currently, ComputAbility employs 60 + people with plans of adding on 20 to 30 more sales representatives and support staff during the next year. Prior to February of 1998, all of the sales representatives were in the inbound division. This division handles all incoming sales calls. Majorities of these calls are from individual consumers. Creative Computers had started their company the same way, but found the growth potential was in the business sector. In February of 1998, ComputAbility started their corporate sales division, an area already underway at Creative. This division of the company was created to develop relationships with business clients, and become the primary way of increasing company profit. Computability added a dedicated trainer to the staff at the same time the corporate division was started. This individual’s primary responsibilities were to train new hires in the areas of sales, product knowledge, company policies and procedures and computer systems. Although there was a solid training program in place, including ongoing new product training from manufacturers, the company was not profiting at an acceptable rate. ComputAbility experienced a decrease in sales and profits during the first year after the acquisition. The expectation was that the acquisition should have provided the tools necessary to increase sales. So what could be the problem? Although ComputAbility sales representatives now had more tools available to them, something was still missing. Creative Computers decided to test a sales training program for the corporate sales division. There are a number of sales training tools available. Tools range from books and seminars to dedicated sales training company programs. Management decided to work with a company who had developed a sales training program. The initial step was for top management to go through the training to see if it was worth the time and... ...o sales improvement. This relationship will take some time. A longer phone conversation can help to qualify better and build the trust needed to assist in repeated sales volume. The longer you are on the phone, the greater the chance you will have to sell something to the client. The last graph looks at the monthly attendance vs adjusted gross profit and one can see little relationship on a direct basis. It should be noted that if you do not come to work you would not make any calls. However just being at work will not guarantee you success. The success of the program is dependent on the attitude of quality not quantity. In summary, the amount of expertise developed over time and the amount of quality conversations developed over time are the important factors. Sales will not improve when activity is based on factors of quantity only. Harlan, R., Woolfson, Jr., W., (1991). Telesales That Works. Chicago, Il: Probus Publishing Company. Stone, B., (1995). Successful Direct Marketing Methods. Lincolnwood, Il: NTC Business Books. Zajas, J., Church, O., (1997). Applying Telecommunications and Technology from a Global Business Perspective. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, Inc.

Forensic Scientist Research Paper Essay

Definition of a Forensic Scientist There is a definition for a forensic scientist. According to Career Information Center, there is a definition for forensic scientist, â€Å"forensic scientists gather and evaluate evidence from victims, vehicles, and scenes of crimes.† â€Å"Their findings may help to convict or prove the innocence of a person accused of a crime.† Nearly all forensic scientists work for federal, state, or local law enforcement (Engineering. 126). Entry Requirements There are entry requirements to become a forensic scientist. According to Career Information Center, to be a forensic scientist, one needs at least a bachelor’s degree in physical or natural science. However, most crime labs prefer employees that have a master’s or doctorate’s degree in forensics (Engineering. 126). Working Conditions Forensic scientists work varied hours. According to Career Information Center, forensic scientist work a five day, forty hour work week. However, they are on call 24-7 and may be expected to answer late night calls. In some cases, overtime is forced on employees (Engineering. 127). Forensic scientists work in varied environments. They spend most of their time in clean labs (Engineering. 127). They may also work outdoors in all weather conditions including snow, rain and heat (Echaore-McDavid 61). Forensic scientists have to stand, bend, kneel, and crouch in awkward positions (Echaore-McDavid 61). Forensic scientists have to observe unpleasant sights such as blood and corpses (Engineering. 127). Also, there are some risks with working with weapons (Engineering. 127). In addition, forensic scientists are exposed to noxious fumes and poisons (Engineering. 127). Generally, forensic scientists work with lab partners and other branches of law enforcement such as, policemen, FBI, and judges (Engineering. 127). Pay and Benefits Forensic Scientist’s pay varies. According to Career Information Center, their earnings vary depending on experience and education. Entry level pay for a forensic scientist with a bachelor’s degree in 2005 was about $30,000 a year. The median salary was about $40,000. Experienced forensic scientists with a master’s degree earn around $70,000. Different types of forensic scientists earn different salaries. For example, a technician will make around $40,000 a year, but a forensic pathologist can earn up to $200,000 a year. Also, large crime labs use specialists, scientists who do one specific duty well. These specialists often make more money than others (Engineering. 127). Forensic Scientists get benefits. According to Career Information Center, forensic scientists get sick days and vacation days. The amount of days depends on the crime lab they work at. They are also offered medical insurance. Again, this varies with the crime lab. Forensic scientists are also offered pension plans (Engineering. 127). Advancement Forensic scientists have opportunity for advancement. Most start out as trainees where they learn how to do their job. Then, they are given more freedom and assume the duties of the other forensic scientists. A few people may be promoted to senior forensic scientist or manager of the crime lab (Echaore-McDavid 60). Typically, positions open up when other forensic scientists are promoted, retire, or if the lab expands (Engineering. 127). Also, forensic scientists may train new employees for a bonus (Engineering. 127). Outlook Forensic scientists have a very positive outlook. Jobs in forensic science are expected t raise by twenty percent in ten years, well above the national average (U.S. Dept. n.p.) Growth in the field of forensic science is tied to crime rates, high crime rates means a large amount of jobs (Engineering. 127). According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, new technologies speed up the growth of jobs in forensic science. Furthermore, there were 12,800 jobs held by forensic scientists in 2008. The projected employment for 2018 is 15,300 jobs (U.S. Dept. n.p.). JOB DUTIES OF A FORENSIC SCIENTIST Second, there are personal qualities that are required to be a forensic scientist. There are job duties that all forensic scientists share. Also, there are job duties for different types of forensic scientists. Personal Qualities There are personal qualities that are necessary to have to be a forensic scientist. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, Forensic scientists must have communication skills, teamwork skills, writing skills, problem solving skills, and self management skills. Forensic scientists must also be observant, objective, detail oriented, meticulous, ethical, honest, dependable, and courteous. In addition, computer skills are recommended (Echaore-McDavid 60). General Job Duties There are some job duties that all forensic scientists share. All forensic scientists gather, evaluate, and analyze evidence and data from victims, vehicles, and crime scenes (Engineering. 126). Forensic scientists’ findings are used in court cases (Engineering. 126). They may have to train lower level or new employees (Echaore-McDavid 63). All forensic scientists may be called out to crime scenes (Echaore-McDavid 63). Technicians Forensic technicians have specific job duties. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, they gather physical evidence, such as bullets, weapons, and tissues from crime scenes. Technicians must also talk and coordinate with police officers at the crime scene. They note, sketch, and photograph every piece of evidence. Then the technicians send the evidence to the crime lab for further investigating. Technicians also submit accurate and well detailed reports and documentation for court cases. Technicians also maintain and use photography equipment as well as develop film (Echaore-McDavid 60-1). Latent Prints Examiner Prints Examiners have specific job duties as well. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, prints examiners analyze all latent prints including fingerprints, palm prints, footprints, and tire tracks. They use chemicals and plasters to lift prints from scenes of crimes. They take photographs of the prints and convert them to 3D images on a computer. Prints examiners compare these prints with known suspects, victims, and others. Examiners will write reports of their findings and may testify in court (Echaore-McDavid 63). Forensic Chemist Forensic chemists also have specific job duties. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, chemists use chemical analysis to examine physical evidence. They also perform tests to determine the contents of an unknown substance. Chemists make reports and may testify in court (Echaore-McDavid 65). Trace Evidence Examiner Trace evidence examiners have specific job duties as well. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, trace evidence examiners examine hair, tissues, saliva, blood, fluids, plastics, metals, and explosives. They work in crime labs alongside chemists and print examiners. They also develop new and better methods for examining evidence (Echaore-McDavid 65). Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Firearms and toolmark examiners have specific job duties. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, they handle two pieces of evidence: firearms and tools. They determine if firearms or tools were used in a crime. They make identical matches between guns and bullets, and tools and toolmarks. Firearms and toolmark examiners also determine paths of bullets and recreate crime scenes (Echaore-McDavid 69). Questioned Documents Examiner Questioned documents examiners have their own job duties. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, documents examiners analyze checks, currency, vouchers, contracts, certificates, wills, notes and letters. They check if documents and signatures are real or counterfeit. They determine if changes have been made to a document and determine what words were erased or crossed out. Document examiners also identify different types of inks and papers (Echaore-McDavid 71). Polygraph Examiner Polygraph examiners have specific job duties too. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, polygraph examiners administer polygraph tests to suspects and analyze the results. Polygraphs measure pulse, blood pressure, breathing, and perspiration during questioning. Polygraph examiners write their own questions and give them to suspects (Echaore-McDavid 76). Forensic Pathologist Forensic pathologists have specific job duties. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, forensic pathologists primarily perform autopsies. They answer the time of death, whether a death was caused by suicide or homicide, and cause of death. Pathologists may also have to identify bodies. They are also called out to crime scene to examine bodies before they are moved. Forensic pathologists sometimes meet with families of the deceased (Echaore-McDavid 73). ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Third, there are advantages to having a career as a forensic scientist. There are also disadvantages. Advantages Forensic scientists have advantages for their occupation. With enough education, most forensic scientists make around $70,000 a year (Engineering. 126). They can also earn sick and vacation days (Engineering. 126). They get medical insurance (Engineering. 126). Finally, forensic science is a fast growing field. Its growth is above the national average (U.S. Dept. n.p.). Disadvantages There are also disadvantages in the field of forensic science. The occupation is very high stress. Forensic scientists may witness gruesome sights (Engineering. 126). They also put themselves at risk by working with weapons and chemicals (Engineering. 126). Also, forensic scientists are on call 24-7 and may be forced into working overtime (Echaore-McDavid 60). In addition, it takes about six years to earn a good degree, master’s degree, in forensic science (Engineering. 126). EDUCATION Fourth, there are entry requirements to get into Michigan State University. In addition, Michigan State offers a great program to study forensic science. Entry Requirements The main entry requirement for Michigan Stat is to have a better application than the other applicants. According to Peterson’s Four Year Colleges, the average high school GPA of those admitted to MSU is 3.61. Ninety-seven percent of students had an ACT score over eighteen and nine percent had a score of thirty. Seventy-six percent of students scored over 500 in reading on the SAT’s, eighty-five percent scored over 500 in math, and seventy-three percent scored over 500 in writing. Nine percent of students scored over 700 in reading, fourteen percent scored over 700 in math, and five percent scored over 700 in writing. Only seventy-three percent of applicants are admitted into Michigan State University (Peterson’s. 473). Those admitted into MSU are required to pay tuition. According to Peterson’s Four Year Colleges, on average, state residents are charged about $7,665 per year. Out of state residents are charged around $20,310. Part-time students who live in state are charged $235 per credit hour. Out of state part-time students are charged $656 per credit hour. Some financial aid is provided by MSU if necessary (Peterson’s. 473). Michigan State University Michigan State is a great college to study to study forensic science. MSU was founded in 1885 (Peterson’s. 473). The school has offered a forensic science program since 1946 (â€Å"School.† n.p.). MSU is a coed school (Peterson’s 473). The campus is 5,192 acres and has relatively easy access to Detroit and Lansing (Peterson’s. 473). Michigan State has a great college atmosphere. According to Peterson’s Four Year Colleges, fifty-four percent of students are women and forty-six percent are men. There are students studying at MSU from fifty-four states and territories. There are also students from one hundred different countries. The student faculty ration at MSU is 17:1 (Peterson’s. 473). MSU has a great athletic program. According to Peterson’s Four Year Colleges, all sports available at Michigan State are Division I except for football. MSU offers men’s football, men’s and women’s basketball, men’s and women’s track, men’s baseball, women’s softball, and men’s and women’s cheerleading. MSU also offers many intramural sports (Peterson’s. 473). Michigan State University offers many clubs to its students. MSU has a drama club, marching band, choral group, radio and television club, newspaper club, and national fraternities and sororities (Peterson’s. 473). MSU provides prime housing. On campus residency is required for a student’s freshman year (Peterson’s. 473). Coed dorms are available as well as women only dorms and disabled students dorms (Peterson’s. 473). Michigan State offers services to students. According to Peterson’s Four Year Colleges, there is a health clinic available to MSU students, psychiatric counseling, and legal services. There is also a woman’s center. MSU provides twenty four hour emergency response and transportation services. Also, self defense workshops are available (Peterson’s. 473). MSU offers top rate classes and degrees in forensic science. According to â€Å"School of Criminal Justice,† the Master’s Degree in Forensic Science is provided by the Michigan State School of Criminal Justice. Applicants for the degree must have at least a 3.0 to apply. One must also have a degree in a lesser or related field such as physical or natural science (â€Å"School.† n.p.). MSU offers a degree in forensic chemistry. To earn a degree, one must take the following classes: Advanced Analytical Chemistry II, Survey in Forensic Science, Forensic Chemistry and Microscopic Evidence, Scanning Electron Microscopy/X-Ray Analysis, and Forensic Serology (â€Å"School.† n.p.). INTERESTS AND NEEDS Furthermore, forensic science does fit my needs. It pays a decent amount of money and will give me a comfortable lifestyle. Forensic Science involves a lot of science and chemistry, which I love to do. Also, forensic scientists help people by assisting in the justice process, which I think is very rewarding. CLOSING In conclusion, forensic science is a very challenging career. If a person is interested in becoming a forensic science, it is going to take a lot more than just a love of the TV show CSI.

Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children Essay

Equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people Assignment 1 Within a school, equality, diversity and inclusion is very important. It is their duty to make sure all children have equal access to the curriculum. Whether they are a different race, culture, gender or have a special need or disability, it is important that they are supported and have a right to participate and be treated equal; this is known as inclusion. As part of this it is important that schools and other professionals support and promote cultural diversity in schools and the wider society, breaking down any discriminatory barriers to learning. (1. 2) In a school participation means that everyone has to be involved and this involves the inclusion of the children. The Government is committed to children’s rights and participation. Under Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), children and young people have the right to express their views, and for these to be respected by adults when making decisions on matters that affect them. This means that the schools have to involve the children in the planning, delivery and evaluation of the curriculum on a daily basis, asking children what they think, what works and what they think could be better. Children should be given opportunities to express their opinion in matters that affect their lives. Effective participation gives children and young people the opportunity to make a positive contribution to their learning and to develop the skills, confidence and self-esteem they will need for the future. Every child has the right to access the curriculum, Equality of access. This means that children can work to the best of their ability and be treated equally within their learning. The schools have a duty to support these rights and they must be reflected through their policies and procedures and must comply with current legislations and codes of practice. The Equality Act 2010, UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, Children Act 1989/2004, SENDA 2001 and SEN Code of Practice 2002 are the relevant legislations that give guidance on how to understand the children’s rights to participation and equality of access. Promoting participation and equal access makes sure that the school is meeting the 5 outcomes of ECM/HCAM and will therefore provide children with the best possible opportunities to to achieve to the best of their ability within the curriculum and their school life. (1. ) Cultural diversity provides a framework to bringing children together who would otherwise be naturally separated by cultural barriers. Pupil’s cultural development involves pupils acquiring an understanding of cultural traditions and an ability to appreciate and respond to a variety of aesthetic experiences. They acquire a respect for their own culture and that of others, an interest in other’s ways of doing things and curiosity abo ut differences. They develop the knowledge, skills, understanding, qualities and attitudes they need to understand, appreciate and contribute to culture. Schools have to promote cultural diversity and follow legislations relating to equality and discrimination, it is the law not to discriminate and this is set out in the Equality Act 2010. There are many ways that a school can promote acceptance and respect of different cultures throughout the school, this could be through teaching in the classroom where the pupils can explore varied cultural backgrounds, learning about celebrations that different cultures participate in for example multicultural festivals that take place different times throughout the year. Also many schools now have ‘welcome’ signs which are written in languages that pupils within the school speak, displays are also used with work of the children these are a brilliant way of showing the pupils understanding of others cultures and provides information for all within the school. All staff must act as role models and promote cultural diversity this helps reduce prejudice and discrimination and if staff are putting this in place then it will influence pupils to be tolerant of other cultures and with this helps the children understand the diverse society to which they belong. Pupils who understand cultural diversity will be more likely to participate and those of different cultures will feel more involved as they can help with the learning of their culture, with this it will help children in schools and outside in the wider society. In conclusion, schools who promote equality and inclusion through participation and a value of cultural diversity are encouraging children to ave respect for others and not to discriminate and promotes independence for the children. Children’s rights to equal access has to be supported by quality teaching, school policies and procedures. Children’s rights are protected by the law but if the schools follow the laws and provide the vital information through learning, children are more likely to respect others and appreciate their responsibilities to others.

Failure Old Sketchbook Diaries essays

Failure Old Sketchbook Diaries essays Sometimes I think you'd like to live me, make a slight incision between my collarbone and my breast, crawl inside, one-fourth your size. You would quietly wander through the chambers of my heart, gazing on cardiac tissue like it's a gallery of Monets, thinking what bloody flowers a body contains. You would be thrust into my pulmonary artery, cascades of iron and rust falling around you, twisting you around like a felled surfer caught in a wave six feet from the jetty. Me, oblivious, I would continue this involuntary action of shoving you through arteries, yanking you into heavy limbs. You, the tourist, would take advantage of the scenery, studying my unique anatomy, comparing it to a dusty old biologytext sketch of the average strange female body. Thanks to the varied breeding of my twelve cultured diseases, you would find foreign cavities and organs lunging at high speeds throughout the confused tumor of my body. You would come across a lost ovary, wedged in between two anklebones, hard and imagining itself to be another shard of white sifted in with the rest. A sad and lonely fallopian soldiersnake would slink past you, narrowly dodging a meteor shower of empty eggs, tiny smiling faces painted in watercolor yellow on their soft shells, chased by a very confused band of rowdy sperm, two of which would gaily become tangled by their tails and cheerfully squabble until they freed themselves. And you, not knowing exactly what to think of this, would draw vulgar and exact representations into the margins of your biotext. And I, hating you and your rude and unintentional interruption of common bodily procedure, would expel you by way of dropping a single thirsty leech to the nape of my neck where you would soon arrive, made dizzy by the leech's numbing saliva, and be bled out into another body. You would regain consciousness and wonder at your new surroundings. Finally you would decide that you'd floated into another strange organ, and you ...

Why Was the SAT Called the Scholastic Aptitude Test

Why Was the SAT Called the Scholastic Aptitude Test SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Shockingly, catchy slogans were not a part of the original Scholastic Achievement Test. If you’re a high school student trying to get into college, you’ve definitely heard of the SAT, and might already be studying for it. But have you ever wondered what â€Å"SAT† itself actually stands for? And does it reveal anything about what the SAT claims to measure? Well, it turns out the SAT has gone through many name changes, which reveal changes in the test’s design and purpose. Read on for the full story behind the SAT’s name. The â€Å"Scholastic Aptitude Test† (1925-1994) You may have been told that SAT stands for â€Å"Scholastic Aptitude Test.† Although this is where the initials â€Å"SAT† come from, the test existed even before College Board gave it that name. Going way back to the late 1800s, there was little agreement among colleges what skills and knowledge students needed to be prepared for college. Because of this, universities had their own entrance exams, making it hard for schoolmasters to know how to help their students get into college. The College Board was created in 1899 to help solve this problem. It aimed to improve communication between colleges and secondary schools regarding admissions requirements. It also provided a series of uniform exams, covering several subjects (including topics like German and Latin!), first given in 1901. The exams were designed to create a more uniform standard for college admission. Incidentally, this explains how the College Board got its name, as well. After a few decades, the College Board began to be more interested in â€Å"comprehensive examinations,† which would examine a student’s intelligence and reasoning, rather than their knowledge of particular subjects and facts. Thus the â€Å"Scholastic Aptitude Test† was born. Created in 1925, it was designed not be a test of achievement in school subjects but the ability to apply knowledge to discrete situations. â€Å"Scholastic† refers to ability in school, but the emphasis here was on â€Å"aptitude† – the ability to learn and apply knowledge to different situations, rather than to memorize facts. We’ll discuss those terms in more detail later in the article as we reveal why College Board eventually dropped these words. The topics tested on the original Scholastic Aptitude Test included definitions, arithmetic, and paragraph reading – which still exist on the SAT today. However, the original SAT had analogy and logic questions that are no longer a part of the test. The Scholastic Aptitude Test was used by more and more colleges as part of their admissions processes. Without the ACT (which wasn't created until 1959) it was the only such test in the US. It became known as the S.A.T. due to its initials. â€Å"Scholastic Assessment Test† Becomes the SAT (1994 – Present) The Scholastic Aptitude Test kept its name for 70 years, even as the ACT came into play in the 1960s. However, the S.A.T. faced something of an identity crisis in the 1990s. The test was redesigned in 1990 (first administered in 1994) and renamed the â€Å"Scholastic Assessment Test."The rename was to reduce the perception that the S.A.T. could definitively predict a student’s aptitude for college work. They now claimed to simply â€Å"assess† a student's potential. (We should note this was also quite redundant – assessment is another word for test, so the new name was literally the "Standardized Test Test.") The College Board's temporary name during the 1990s. From a Washington Post article written at the time, â€Å"According to the president of the College Board at the time, the name change was meant 'to correct the impression among some people that the SAT measures something that is innate and impervious to change regardless of effort or instruction.'" The test was also given the longer name SAT I: Reasoning Test, to distinguish it from the SAT II: Subject Tests, which had formerly been called â€Å"Achievement Tests.† (This is why some people still refer to the SAT Subject Tests as â€Å"SAT IIs.†) However, in 1997, College Board changed their minds yet again, and said the letters don’t actually stand for anything, so the test is not called the S.A.T., just the SAT. As quoted in the New York Times, College Board said of the change, â€Å"The term Scholastic Assessment Tests, as the tests are collectively known, is always supposed to be in the plural and neither test alone can properly be called the Scholastic Assessment Test." In other words, the College Board really doesn’t want people to have the wrong impression of what the SAT actually is or what it tests. However, since the initials â€Å"SAT† are so recognizable, they kept them. But now they are just that: initials. If Not "Aptitude," What is the SAT Supposed to Measure? So if the SAT doesn’t have any meaning, you might be wondering, what is it designed to measure? According to College Board, â€Å"The SAT is a globally recognized college admission test that lets you show colleges what you know and how well you can apply that knowledge.† In other words, the SAT still tests what the original Scholastic Aptitude Test set out to measure back in the 1920s – the ability to â€Å"understand the relation of discrete facts to one another and to apply them to new and unexpected situations.† College Board simply shied away from the word â€Å"aptitude† in the 1990s because it implied that students had a set amount of intelligence the SAT could measure. Perhaps â€Å"ability† might have been a better word – ability means â€Å"talent, skill, or proficiency in a particular area,† but unlike aptitude, which is innate, ability can increase with work and practice. But alas, College Board decided to drop the issue altogether by dropping the real name of the SAT. So even though the letters â€Å"SAT† don’t officially stand for anything, their original meaning isn’t too far from what the SAT tests today. What’s Next? Want to know more about the test formerly known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test? Learn about SAT timing, SAT scoring, and get a guide to what’s actually tested each section – Reading, Math, and Writing. Did you know the SAT is changing again in 2016? Even though its name is staying the same, the test isn’t. Get a complete guide to the changes. Exactly how long should you study for the SAT? Get an expert guide here. Disappointed with your scores? 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50 Synonyms for Song

50 Synonyms for Song 50 Synonyms for Song 50 Synonyms for Song By Mark Nichol Numerous words that describe various types of musical composition are listed and defined below. (Note that in the definitions below, popular denotes not a musical form that is widely enjoyed, but a song of a type traditionally derived from common people and folk traditions rather than from professional composers. Forms of the word accompany refer to instrumental support.) 1. Air: any of several types of songs or songlike compositions, including ballads and folk songs 2. Anthem: a song or hymn of joy or praise or, by extension, a rousing pop song that resonates with a certain class of listeners 3. Aria: a complex solo accompanied melody, especially in opera 4. Art song: a solo accompanied melody often performed on a formal social occasion 5. Ballad: a narrative composition with rhythmic verse, or a popular slow romantic or sentimental song 6. Barcarole: a work song with a beat that alternates between strong and weak to suggest the rhythm of rowing a boat 7. Cantata: a composition for one or more voices with solos, duets, choruses, and speechlike parts 8. Canticle: a song based on scripture and performed during a church service 9. Carol: a song or hymn of joy, performed popularly or during a church service 10. Chanson: the type of song sung in a cabaret or a music hall 11. Chant: as monotonous but rhythmic song or other vocalization; see also plainsong 12–14Â ­. Chantey/chanty/shanty: a rhythmic sailors’ work song 15. Chorale: a hymn or song sung by a group in church 16. Cover: a song composed by someone other than the performer(s) 17. Descant: a melody sung as a counterpoint to another melody 18. Dirge: a song of mourning 19. Ditty: a simple, lighthearted popular song 20. Drinking song: an upbeat song appropriate for group singing during social drinking 21. Elegy: see dirge 22. Fight song: an inspirational song to encourage athletes during team competition 23. Folk song: a popular song with a simple melody and a verse/refrain structure 24. Glee: a part-song, generally one performed by men 25. Hallelujah: a song of praise or thanks 26. Hymn: a song of joy or praise, especially in a religious context 27. Noel: a carol sung at Christmastime 28. Jingle: a short, catchy, repetitive song, including one used to advertise a product or service 29. Lament: see dirge 30. Lay: a simple song or other ballad 31. Lullaby: a simple rhyming song sung to soothe children or prepare them for sleeping 32. Madrigal: see glee and part-song 33. Medley: two or more songs, or parts thereof, performed as one composition 34. Melody: a rhythmic composition 35. Motet: a choral composition, usually unaccompanied, based on a sacred text 36. Paean: a hymn or song of praise, thanks, or triumph 37. Part-song: a usually unaccompanied song for two or more voices, one of which carries the melody 38. Psalm: a sacred song sung during religious services 39. Remix: a variation of a song that includes additional or rearranged elements 40. Requiem: see dirge 41. Rocker: an upbeat, energetic song in the style of the rock genre 42. Round: a song in which multiple singers sing the same melody and lyrics 43. Roundelay: a simple song that includes a refrain 44. Serenade: a courting song, vocal or instrumental or both 45. Spiritual: a simple, emotional religious song of a form developed by black slaves in the American South 46. Standard: a familiar song that is among those typically performed by a certain category of musicians 47. Threnody: see dirge 48. Torch song: a popular sentimental song, usually referring to the end of a love affair or to unrequited love 49. Vocal: a song for voice accompanied by one or more instruments 50. Work song: a song structured to aid in the performance of a rhythmic group task Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should Know41 Words That Are Better Than GoodEbook, eBook, ebook or e-book?

Globalization and Business IT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Globalization and Business IT - Research Paper Example al., 2008). Information technology (IT) and the globalisation of business have made the global supply chain very efficient and contributed to large profits in the business. Both IT and globalisation are aspects of modernisation and growth. IT sector is one of the most booming sectors and the globalisation focuses on the overall development of a country, market, sector and industry among others. Fedex, as a company, strongly believes in globalisation and therefore manages to provide its services globally. The company operates a large range of branded companies which come under the main brand Fedex, and all these companies serve logistics services. With the incorporation of IT, FedEx has been able to leverage superior globalised service by entailing technologically upgraded features in its global operations such as wireless technology and shipping along with tracking system (Network World Fusion, 2002; Cisco Systems, 1999; Butcher & et. al., 2008). Title IT and globalisation’s c ontribution to business for improving the supply chain cycle in a global scale: An illustration of FedEx Research Question For completing the proposed research, it is required to find out the contributions that are made by IT and globalisation in business and the process through which IT and globalisation has made the overall supply chain cycle more effective and contributed to greater profits in the business of FedEx. Therefore, for the completion of the proposed research study, the main question that will be addressed upon will be: How did IT and globalisation managed to improve the overall supply chain process in a global scale which resulted in improved business and profits for FedEx? Specific Project Objectives The... This essay approves that a proper understanding of globalisation and its positive effects in the context of supply chain should be understood and found. Apart from this, it should also be analysed that whether FedEx has already achieved a sustainable amount of growth or not. Whether the company has reached the saturation level or not? If yes, then are there any future scope of development for the company or does the company has any kind of future expansion plans. It is also required to be studied about the competitor companies of FedEx who are delivering similar services like the company to its customers. This report makes a conclusion that IT and globalisation are indeed very important factors contributing to the growth of business and it has made many contributions in changing the supply chain cycle. FedEx prioritises upon the concept of supply chain in a very prospective manner. However, there are few factors that require certain amount of understanding. The aim of this proposal has been to follow a proper research methodology which includes all the basic techniques of research and analysis for obtaining certain conclusion regarding the future plans, present operations, competitors and market standing of the company. In order to complete this proposed research, a questionnaire has been prepared which will be filled by the actual respondents/employees of FedEx and informal interviews will also be conducted in the company wherein the respondents will be the interviewee. These procedures will help in successful completion of the research by providing a clear picture of the operations in the company as well as the supply chain process that is currently being followed by the company and the different supply chain processes that the company may follow in the future.

World History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

World History - Essay Example Both men had respect from their soldiers. This respect was fostered out of comradeship. Both leaders lead their soldiers into battle personally. Charlemagne led his soldiers in almost of his battles. Ariel Sharon also led his men into battle. Unlike other generals and leaders, who stayed behind lines to make decisions, Charlemagne and Ariel Sharon believed that leadership choices should be made in the field. As the result, Charlemagne’s campaigns gained territory in Europe, while Ariel Sharon’s battles gained land in the Middle East. Both men were warriors at heart, excelling at the craft of warfare. Charlemagne and Ariel Sharon were also both statesmen. Charlemagne ruled his conquered territories until his death. Ariel Sharon, after retiring from active IDF (Israel Defense Forces) duty, joined the Knesset (Israeli equivalent of Congress). After serving in the Knesset for decades, Ariel Sharon was elected Prime Minister of Israel. Throughout Charlemagne’s rule rebellions requiring his attention occurred. The same circumstances arose for Prime Minister Sharon when the second Intifada (Palestinian uprising) plagued his years in office. Both Charlemagne and Ariel Sharon were accused of ordering massacres. Charlemagne’s massacre was called the Bloody Verdict of Verden. Forty-five hundred men were beheaded on Charlemagne’s orders. Time has clouded the Bloody Verdict of Verden, making Charlemagne’s involvment unclear. Ariel Sharon’s massacre occurred when he served as Israel’s Defense Minster. Sabra and Shatila were refugee camps in Lebanon. When Israel occupied southern Lebanon, IDF soldiers surrounded the Sabra and Shatila camps. No IDF soldier entered the camp, but prevented refugees from leaving when Phalangists (a Christian faction in the Lebanese civil war) entered the camp seeking terrorists. What happened next is of great debate. When the smoke cleared a disputed amount of Palestinians were dead.

Summary of Readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Summary of Readings - Essay Example Regular prayers and devotions were part of the Christian religious processes for the welfare of the faithful and it was this formed the basis of the development of timekeeping technology and its dominance of our current capitalistic societies. It was not that time keeping was not there earlier, but the development of the clock as an expression of new timekeeping technologies removed the vagaries of nature that inhibit regulatory and order in the pervious time keeping technologies. Starting from the fourteenth centuries clock towers emerged in cities and towns to dominate life the life of their citizens (1). Other technologies may have come and may also lay claim to be all pervasive in human civilization, but there is no technology that has pervaded every niche of human presence and dominated the activities of humankind. The orderly punctual existence brought on by the mechanical clock is not in keeping with basic nature of humankind and yet, modern civilization remains a slave to the chimes of the mechanical clock. The regular chimes of mechanical time in seconds and minutes are in disharmony with the irregular nature of the human body, yet in modern civilization, basic human organic functions are controlled by this mechanical time. Humankind lives, works, and exists now in keeping with tunes of the tool of time keeping technology in the form of the time keeping clock (1). Biology in the Evolution of Technology In Chapter 3, History of the Seventh Kingdom in his book â€Å"What Technology Wants†, Kevin Kelly 2011, opines that the seventh kingdom of technology is not merely an invention of humankind, but has its origins in life itself, and continues to evolve as living organisms have done so from the time life dawned on planet Earth. The six kingdoms of living organisms have evolved and adapted over several hundred millions of generations in an unbroken link, and also learnt to build and evolve external structures. Structures to live in are the most commo n of these external structures. Such shelters of an animal are extension of the animal itself, and in this manner technology is the extension of humankind. This is visible in all the technologies developed and used by humankind, such as even the clothes that we wear. Technology in essence represents an external repository for human ideas (2). An evaluation of the evolution of human technology demonstrates a number of similarities with the evolution of genetic organisms. The manner in which a particular species of technology evolves over time is very similar to that of genealogical blueprint of species evolution, with the difference that in technology it is the expression of ideas and not the work of genes. Different branches of technology combine to create new products, just as evolution in organisms evolves through mating. Evolution in technology is parallel to evolution of nature. An example of this lies in the transformation of simple alphabets into books, which are the storehous es of human knowledge. This is similar to the transformation of DNA into cells and organisms (2). Yet there are differences too in the manner in which technology differs from living organisms. Organisms can be long-living while many technologies are short-lived. Innovations in organisms are passed down from parent down to the offspring vertically, while innovations in technology

The Age of Depression Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Age of Depression - Article Example 156). Thus, the authors underline that depression is a term used both too widely and too narrowly. Psychiatrists who use it too widely apply it to diverse normal states, like sadness and grief, and diverse abnormal states, like paranoid paralysis due to fear, and obsessive ambivalent paralysis. "Revolutionary transformations" in psychiatry allow identify new causes and manifestation of emotional and mental disorders classified as depression. The authors give a special attention to strengths and weaknesses of such types as DSM I and DSM II editions. The new edition, DSM III proposed a new approach to psychiatric diagnosis criteria. Thus, the author underline that 'the main drawback of symptom-based criteria was they eliminated the consideration of the context in which the symptoms arose" (Horwitz & Wakefield 2005, p. 157). The authors take into account research studies comparing statistical results obtained during 1980s and 1990s. They found that some psychiatrists who apply the conce pt too narrowly deny depressive dynamics in others to hide them in themselves, from themselves. Or the diagnosis is not made because the patient disguises the illness: (1) as a behavioral symptom; (2) as an attitudinal symptom; (3) as a physical symptom; (4) as another psychological disorder. The authors claim that the main limitation of these studies that they ignored the context of symptoms. As the most important, the traditional symptom-based approach is easy to use but it is less effective. The description of the clinical manifestations of depression is organized according to the parameters of the mental status examination. While the diagnosis of depression is not warranted unless a significant number of the signs and symptoms are present, it should be suspected even in the presence of just a few of them. The authors state that "it is important to make distinction between the normal and sadness responses" in order to provide effective treatment because "medical interference in n ormal sadness can be even harmful" (Horwitz & Wakefield 2005, p. 159). Horwitz & Wakefield come to conclusion that DSM III has many limitations and inadequate criteria which caused 'unintended consequences' for general public and society. The authors of the articles discuss an important problem of criteria applied to the state of depression and negative consequences of misdiagnosis. I agree with the authors that it is crucial to apply both symptom-based and content-based criteria to diagnose mental disorders. According to DSM III, psychiatrists diagnose depression from depressive-like symptoms that are in fact part of another syndrome. Because symptoms characteristic for depression are also characteristic for other disorders, most depressive symptoms have a differential diagnosis. For instance, a patient can be misdiagnosed as "depressed" because he/she is unable to relate to others. In some cases, psychiatrists diagnose depression in the absence of illness. This happens when normal moodiness is misidentified as depression. Here the clinician fails to distinguish getting depressed from having a clinical depression, the symptom from the syndrome. The main limitations of the article are lack of current research and statistical data. The author use statistical information and research studies

Organisational culture, leadership and ethics in maintaining a Essay

Organisational culture, leadership and ethics in maintaining a successful workplace culture - Essay Example In order to achieve results like this, an organisation will have to understand its culture, evolution, patterns and future requirements. The concept of workplace culture has been evolving overtime. The present workplace no longer comprises of traditional hierarchy system. It is more open and complex. Thus, the personality traits and characteristic strategies required for the management of this workplace also has to change. In the current study, present day work cultures of business organisations will be studied with respect to various topics of organisation behaviour. The purpose of the assignment is to evaluate the influence of various organisational topics in maintaining a successful workplace culture. Topics such as organisational culture, leadership and ethics in business will be studied. Through specific examples, the study will also evaluate whether these topics have helped the workplace in becoming more tolerant and open or not. Since the topic of interest is vast, the study i s not limited to a specific region or country but evaluated in a global context. Looking at the drastic change in business environment, it can be arguably said that workplace has changed in every sense. As a result of globalisation and international alignments, more and more diversity can be found in the workplace. As a result people can easily adapt situation now. Also, the issues and problems arising in case of this culture are also complex. These issues cannot be handled by traditional methods and need new understanding and better techniques. Thus, the overall approach of the study will be to understand the present day work culture with respect to the selected topics and evaluate their affect on overall culture of an organisation. Leadership The competitive environment for business has changed drastically in last two decades due to various reasons like resource contingency, globalization, increase in buyer power etc. Academic scholars have pointed out that organizations need righ t form of leadership in order to survive in the changing competitive environment. Research scholars like Alas, Tafel and Tuulik (2007) have stated that leadership depends on personal traits of an individual such as behaviour, relationship with subordinates, interaction pattern with subordinates, influencing capability, ability to motivate people to perform well, influence on culture of the organization etc. Groves (2007) has proposed that systematic effort is needed in order to develop leadership quality among individuals. Ryan and Deci (2000) have revealed that social-contextual conditions boost psychological development and self-motivation and these two factors increase self efficacy among individuals. According to them self efficacy is an important aspect of leadership. Leadership as a concept has itself evolved over time. As a result of the increasing competition, pressure, managers are expecting much more from these leaders. Modern day leaders are expected to show few definite qualities which will complement the current open and tolerant work culture. Few of these characteristics are extroversion, ability to show respect, decision making capability and ability to take decisions that are ethically responsible. In the next section discussion will be held on how these characteristics have influenced the modern day culture of workplace. Extroversion is an important characteristic for a successful leader. Judge, Heller and Mount (2002) have stated that extroversion is linked with the positive emotions of a leader. Generally extrovert leaders are gregarious and sociable whereas introverts tend to be

The Age of Depression Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Age of Depression - Article Example 156). Thus, the authors underline that depression is a term used both too widely and too narrowly. Psychiatrists who use it too widely apply it to diverse normal states, like sadness and grief, and diverse abnormal states, like paranoid paralysis due to fear, and obsessive ambivalent paralysis. "Revolutionary transformations" in psychiatry allow identify new causes and manifestation of emotional and mental disorders classified as depression. The authors give a special attention to strengths and weaknesses of such types as DSM I and DSM II editions. The new edition, DSM III proposed a new approach to psychiatric diagnosis criteria. Thus, the author underline that 'the main drawback of symptom-based criteria was they eliminated the consideration of the context in which the symptoms arose" (Horwitz & Wakefield 2005, p. 157). The authors take into account research studies comparing statistical results obtained during 1980s and 1990s. They found that some psychiatrists who apply the conce pt too narrowly deny depressive dynamics in others to hide them in themselves, from themselves. Or the diagnosis is not made because the patient disguises the illness: (1) as a behavioral symptom; (2) as an attitudinal symptom; (3) as a physical symptom; (4) as another psychological disorder. The authors claim that the main limitation of these studies that they ignored the context of symptoms. As the most important, the traditional symptom-based approach is easy to use but it is less effective. The description of the clinical manifestations of depression is organized according to the parameters of the mental status examination. While the diagnosis of depression is not warranted unless a significant number of the signs and symptoms are present, it should be suspected even in the presence of just a few of them. The authors state that "it is important to make distinction between the normal and sadness responses" in order to provide effective treatment because "medical interference in n ormal sadness can be even harmful" (Horwitz & Wakefield 2005, p. 159). Horwitz & Wakefield come to conclusion that DSM III has many limitations and inadequate criteria which caused 'unintended consequences' for general public and society. The authors of the articles discuss an important problem of criteria applied to the state of depression and negative consequences of misdiagnosis. I agree with the authors that it is crucial to apply both symptom-based and content-based criteria to diagnose mental disorders. According to DSM III, psychiatrists diagnose depression from depressive-like symptoms that are in fact part of another syndrome. Because symptoms characteristic for depression are also characteristic for other disorders, most depressive symptoms have a differential diagnosis. For instance, a patient can be misdiagnosed as "depressed" because he/she is unable to relate to others. In some cases, psychiatrists diagnose depression in the absence of illness. This happens when normal moodiness is misidentified as depression. Here the clinician fails to distinguish getting depressed from having a clinical depression, the symptom from the syndrome. The main limitations of the article are lack of current research and statistical data. The author use statistical information and research studies

Human resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human resources - Essay Example The assessment procedures require standardisation in order to present a fair platform for all interested participants. As such, test design and validation is required when creating a standardised assessment process. Test design and validation are key principles in the assessment process during selection of personnel that ensure relevance of tests been administered. In essence, test validation highlights the process of establishing relations between the test administered and the job in question. The validity of a test is critical when selecting a test as it refers to the characteristic being measured and how well the test produces the best results. Validity indicates how reliable the results yielded are in line with the purpose of the test as well as ensuring relevance of the assessment process. What are the key performance dimensions of the instructor who is teaching this course? In your opinion, what should they be? There are three main methods of ensuring validation in assessments procedures and they include criterion-related validity, content-related validity, and construct-related validity. Criterion-related validity provides data indicating statistical relationship between test performance and key job factors, which provides predictive information on work behaviour. In this case, an individual who performs well in such tests is bound to perform better in the job than someone who yielded low scores. Content-related validity produces evidence that illustrates the composition of the test demonstrates crucial behaviour in relation to the job. The test dwells on requirements and qualifications of an individual for the desired position. For instance, fire fighters must demonstrate their physical ability in stressful situations and reflect minimum strength required to perform safety procedures associated with their line of work. Finally, construct-related validity refers to the assessment of individual traits such as personality and core values that are critical in delivery on the job. For instance, aspiring candidates for the position of customer care personnel should exercise tolerance by default in order to provide efficiently required information to irate customers. Why are clear job specifications important? What are the costs of imprecise specifications? Provide an example The importance of indicating clear job specification in any organisation cannot be overemphasised as it is of critical value to all. Compiling of job descriptions lies squarely within the human resource manager, who is charged with the role of hiring personnel based on tasks to be carried out in the organisation. A clear-cut description highlights what the organisation expects from each employee as it entails the details of personnel roles and duties. This saves time and resources that could have been otherwise lost in the confusion created by mixed roles and disorganisation within the company. As such, effective job descriptions provide efficient communication chan nels within an organisation since every employee is aware of their role. Similarly, the employees become aware of the company’s mission and vision, as well as explaining how each of them fits into the organisation’s future. Moreover, clear job specifications help in weeding out unqualified applicants while ensuring the recruitment of qualified personnel. This acts to save the organisation a significant amount of money and thus boosts productivity. From a legal point of

Political Science link with English Essay Example for Free

Political Science link with English Essay Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to provide the reader a clear understanding on the political views on estrangement. This will further be discussed by comparing and also contrasting the different views of Aristotle and Hobbe. And how might each of these philosophers have analyzed the problems on Pitcairn Island. Political Science link with English It is very common to all of us that when we decide on something, we sometimes immediately knew what we would prefer or choice and then we decide from it. This is common in the sense that every one of us has our own personal judgment, even sometimes we have the same decision with others, but the reason why we have decided it is different from that person. But, there are still other people that just tend to follow decisions and would not anymore would want to expand his mind in thinking why he needs to decide ion such things, but in fact we all been given that luxury of making up our mind on the decisions we want to have. This is also part of the key areas that will be focus on in this paper the political vision of estrangement. This will be further be discussed and explained in this paper through the different views of two famous philosophers: Aristotle and Hobbe. These two well respected philosophers will provide their own views which will eventually the basis of what was used at in the present. Lastly, these two philosophers will also be presented in this paper on how they have analyzed the problem in the Pitcairn Island. Estrangement just like a choice or decision refers to disunity due to following of different ideology. In true human reflection, this usually happens in politics, where there is always disunity that is happening. One for the administration and the other is for the opposition, or it can also be divided into majority group and the minority group. Estrangement is very evident and was said to be beneficial in an organization because this is the only way that it strikes the balance. Balance that would help like for example the government through disagreements made by the different sector of government. Or public upheaval that was initiated due to certain idea and belief that no balance of attention is given to staffs or employees in a company instead what happened was favoritism and lack of respect to others. Estrangement actually may not be present to humans, only if we have leaders who will stand for peace and equal rights across all groups, but this remains to be an ideal vision only and still people tends to work his own liberated way of thinking and pursue on what he or she desires. Take for instance people that are successful, even though they succeeded in life they lack relationship and that starts for finding somebody to compensate the sadness. Then this results to separation from the main ideology of the family. For the English philosopher, Hobbe, estrangement has a lot to do with human life, in the sense that every man is against other man, there are no central government that overrules this ideology and man should not find luxury instead grief in keeping company. Life is such a state which was considered a famous political theory that man should know his state and act on it. For Hobbe, there are two main levels of estrangement: the first level and that refers to the surface is psychological, which means that humans are estranged because they have egos to feed in and this is because they always think that they have to preserved their lives more and always the most important one. The second one is prestige and wealth and this may not be possible to achieve without practicing power. This is the most common standard of human life that every one of us will do anything just to succeed in what we do. But this also creates a person to be more selfish and self-centered. (Adler, Ronald and Russell, Proctor II, 2006, pp. 23-27). For Aristotle, it was an opposing view of Hobbe, and he said that human beings are essentially united. As the founder of political science, he made this belief more popular these days than that of Hobee. That there are more progress and developments that can happen if people work together as one. He even considered during the emergence of the city-state in the Greece, he finds views that for humans not considering in the involvement of exchanging ideas and beliefs are only those who can classifies themselves either Gods or beast. He even strongly stated that regardless of your status in the society, like slave, laborers or artisans, you can still allow to unite with different groups since you also bear the same ideology and principle. This principle or belief was then been carried on for years and it was very beneficial in war as people can easily know the greater importance of unity instead of working individually. (Adler, Ronald and Russell, Proctor II, 2006, pp. 28-29). But the main focal point is that does human beings are estranged in essence. Based on the two philosophers, it is hard to mention what is more effective; instead it is more on the faith of the individual that counts the most. That is contrasting the two different ideology has its own personal purpose, humans should strike the balance. In other words both have its own main advantage provided it will be used appropriately. In the Pitcairn Island novel, it was obviously a cast of different personality at the beginning, most specially for Christian, who always finds it interesting working alone but still effectively contributing to the team. Unlike McCoy, Smith, John and Martin, preferred more to work as a team and having to work in a more focus but more collaborative way is essential. In this novel, following Aristotle’s ideology would be easier, it was shown here that even after a little uprising happens that divides the followers, still there are loyal followers that remains and still succeeded in reaching its goal in arriving to Pitcairn Island. Unlike for Hobbe’s ideology it can still be helpful but instead of addressing the team as one, what he will do is to work each and every member and that will take much of his time and the time for his team to coordinate at one another, even though a higher efficiency for each individual will be achieved but the team work will suffer and in that time that is more important as there was already an uprising that happens. This is truly a call for leadership and unity for the team in the ship. The only used for Hobbe’s principle is for its leader of the ship, which he needs to look more on how he can find and implement rules more effectively and from there is that to establish the principle of Aristotle’s unity in achieving the over-all vision of the team. (Nordhoff, Charles and Hall, James Norman. (Nordhoff, Charles and Hall, James Norman, 1962, pp. 3-71). Work Cited Page Adler, Ronald and Russell, Proctor II. Looking Out, Looking In., US: Wadsworth Publishing, 2006. Nordhoff, Charles and Hall, James Norman. Pitcairn Island., Boston, USA: Little, Brown, and Company, 1962. Work Cited Bassman, E. (1992). Abuse in the Workplace: Management Remedies and Bottom Line Impact. Westport, CT: Stourum Press, 1992.

Anthropological Perspective on Culture and Society

Anthropological Perspective on Culture and Society The three branches of human sciences (Social sciences), Sociology, Anthropology and Psychology are interlinked in that they try to describe the different areas of human life and their relationships to each other. They offer an explanation on human behavior and in the society they live. Furthermore, these social sciences provide essential skills in analyzing the intentions and behavior of individuals and groups they encounter. Individual identity is forged by ones culture, groups, and by institutional influences. Institutions such as families, schools and even churches greatly influence human beings yet these institutions are merely organizations whose aim is to develop the core social values of its constituents. In discussing cultural diversity on the perspectives of the three social sciences there is a need to understand the difference between culture and society. This is because the all the three disciplines explore culture and society to understand human behavior in depth. The term Culture has many different meanings, for some it is the appreciation of art, literature, music and food, while for others like biologists; they take it as a colony of microorganisms growing in a nutrient medium in a laboratory. However for social scientists, culture is the full range of learned human behavior patterns. Cultures are traditions and customs, transmitted through learning and adaptations. Children obtain such traditions by growing up in a certain society, through a process called enculturation. A culture results into a degree of uniformity in behavior and thought among the inhabitants of a particular society (Baugher et. al, 2000, p. 4). The terms culture and society are different as cultures are co nsidered to be complexes of learned behavior patterns and perceptions while society is a group of interacting organisms. Therefore this paper will critically analyze cultural diversity based on the three social sciences, evaluating the social sciences similarities and differences. Discussion Anthropological perspective of culture diversity When it comes to understanding diversity in cultures, the anthropological view can help humanity understand and appreciate the complexity of diverse cultures. This discipline involves the study of biological and cultural origins of the humans. The subject matter of anthropology is wide-ranging, including, fossil remains, non human primate anatomy and behavior, artifacts from past cultures, past and present languages, and all the prehistoric and contemporary cultures of the world. The subfield of cultural anthropology is the most commonly studied and useful in analyzing and interpreting the diverse cultures of the world. In recent years, recognition of the need for multicultural awareness, understanding, and skills has grown in our society. The aim is to achieve multicultural diversity competence, which is a term that refers to the ability to demonstrate respect and understanding, to communicate effectively, and to work with different cultural backgrounds (George Fischer, 1999, p. 71). These diversities in culture encompass differences in gender, race, ethnicity, religion, age, sexual orientation, social class and physical appearance. Misunderstandings and conflicts in the society are two major consequences of lack of awareness in the ever increasing cultural diversity. Cultural anthropology explains cultural diversity through aspects of social life such as material culture, social organizations, politics, economics, symbolism, change and development, ethnici ty and modern nation-state formation. In explaining and interpreting the diverse cultures, anthropology uses ethnography- describing particular cultures; and ethnology- comparing two or more cultures. In addition it incorporates the holistic approach in cultural studies by studying biological and cultural aspects of human behavior; encompassing the broadest possible time frame by looking at contemporary, historic and prehistoric societies; examining human culture in every part of the world; and studies many different aspects of human culture (George Fischer, 1999, p.68). Cultural diversity is relevant to a cultural approach in learning, in that learning and motivational styles and cross cultural pedagogical strategies assume attention to diversity in learner populations and pluralistic learning outcomes. The data, concepts and insights derived from the study of other cultures helps us meet our professional goals and lead more satisfying lives in a multicultural society (Herdman Macmillan, 2010, p. 23). Moreover, the process of studying anthropology is also valuable because of the skills and competencies that it helps to develop. Activities such as taking courses about different cultures, participating in local internships and international organizations, living in the universitys international dormitory, and participating in study abroad programs all combine to provide students with valuable skills in understanding diverse cultures hence achieve multicultural diverse competence. There is a need to come up with a strategy to accept cultural diversity, for example, in the United states of America the freedom to pursue ones individual dream and fortunes in the united states has produced a widening gap between the haves and have-nots. According to Herdman and Mcmillian, 2010, managing directors in United States of America made forty times as much compared to the average worker in 1973 and three hundred as much in 2004. At the same time, earnings of middle class were growing slightly and those of lower class were actually shrinking. This situation to a European means that the state is working against well being of the population, particularly in light of tax cuts during this period. Another instance is when expressing feelings of affection which is typical for all human. The manner in which the affection is expressed is cultural, the kiss is not universally accepted as a symbol of affection; some societies consider it suggestive of cannibalism. A basic anthropological strategy for understanding other cultures is to look at a cultural feature from within its original context rather than looking at it from the perspective of ones own culture; being inquisitive, non-judgmental, and open to new ways of thinking is vital in understanding other cultures; Balancing contradictory needs instead of trying to eliminate them; emphasize global team work; develop a cognitive complex which is made up of twin abilities of differentiating and integrating; and developing a personal acuity (Naylor, 1997, p. 157). The strategy will not only help you personally in understanding other cultures but assist you in integrating to any culture globally. Sociological perspective on Cultural Diversity Sociology is critical analysis of the society in which humans live. People who make sense of the social world-past, present and future- are referred to as sociologists (Anderson Taylor, 2005, p. 8). Sociologists research on social structures such as class, family, politics, social problems like drug abuse and crime all of which influence the society. Social interaction amongst humans is the basic sociological concept, because all humans and groups that make up a society socialize. Specialists who focus on particular details of specific interactions as they occur daily are called micro sociologists and those that focus on larger patterns of interactions amongst larger sections of the society such as state and economy are called macro sociologists. A society is rarely culturally uniform hence the result of different cultures. As societies develop and become more complex, different cultural traditions appear. The more complex the society, the more likely the culture will be internally varied and diverse. The causes of cultural changes in a society are cultural diffusion, innovation, and imposition of cultural change by outside world (Anderson Taylor, 2005, p. 72). Two concepts from sociology help in understanding complexity of culture in a given society, dominant culture and subcultures. Dominant culture is the culture of the most powerful group in the society. Although it is not the only culture in society, it is commonly referred to be the culture of a society, despite other cultures present. Subcultures on the other hand are cultures of groups whose values and norms of behavior differ from those of the dominant culture. Members of subcultures tend to interact frequently and share a common world view. Sociology stipulates that culture consists of both material objects and abstract thoughts and behavior. Several elements which sociologists consider in understanding culture diversity are language, norms, beliefs and values (Kaufman, 2004, p. 7). Language: Learning the language of a culture is essential to becoming part of a society. Language shapes culture as it provides the categories through which social reality is understood. This was proved by Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Worf in the 1950s through their theory called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The hypothesis states, it is not that you perceive something first and then think of how to express it, but that language itself determines what you think and perceive (Anderson Taylor, 2005, p. 83). In understanding cultural diversity language is seen to reflect the assumptions of a culture. This is seen and exemplified by: language affecting peoples perception of reality; Language reflecting the social and political status of different groups in society; Groups advocating changing language referring to them as a way of asserting positive group identity; The implications of language emerging from specific historical and cultural contexts; language distorting actual grou p experience; language shaping peoples perceptions of groups and events in society. Norms: They are specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation. Lack of norms in any society results in turmoil however, with established norms people would be able to act, behave and interact in a society properly. In the early years of sociology, William Graham Summer in 1906 identified two types of norms; folkways and mores. Folkways are general standards of behavior adhered to by a group, example wearing pants and not skirts for men. Mores are stricter mores which are seen to control moral and ethical behaviors such as injunctions, legal and religious. Beliefs: They are shared ideas people hold collectively within a given culture, and these beliefs are also the basis of many cultural norms and values, example in USA there is a widespread belief in God. Sociology study belief in a variety of ways, and each theoretical mentation provides different insights into the significance of beliefs for human society. Values: They are abstract standards in a society or group that defines the ideal principles of what is desirable and morally correct, for example in USA equality and freedom are important values which provide a general outline for behavior. Values provide values for behavior, but can also be sources of conflict like the political conflict over abortion. Understanding the four elements of sociology enables proper integration in any society. Integration into the society is achieved by respecting the diverse cultures that are found in a society. Sociology studies culture in a variety of ways, asking numerous questions about the relationship of culture to other social institutions and the role of culture in modern life. The new cultural perspective on culture according to Naylor, 1997, is that it is ephemeral, unpredictable and constantly changing; is a material manifestation of consumer-oriented society; and is best understood by analyzing its artifacts- books, films, television images. Psychological Perspective on Culture Diversity Social psychology a subfield of psychology has its origins in the early years of the twentieth century. Its findings do not necessarily concern human thinking throughout history but rather meet the requirements of our modern society. Social psychology research aims to capture the interplay between social thinking and socio-historical dynamics in order to understand how societies function and how culture is produced (Xenia, 2004, p. 13). Psychology is distinguished from neighboring social sciences through its emphasis on studying samples of organisms within controlled settings rather than focusing upon larger groups, organizations or nations. Psychologists test the specific results of changes in a controlled environment on the individual in that environment, but there are strongly set procedures through which organisms are tested psychometrically. There is a big debate in psychology and more generally in social sciences how to define culture. In some definitions the concept of culture includes behavior, in the sense that our behaviors are expressions of our culture. Other definitions emphasize that participating in a culture means having understanding of our world. However with trying to find a consensual definition of this concept, the main argument of researchers in psychology is to highlight how important it is to take into account the cultural context in which psychological studies were conducted (Kerr Tindale, 2011). They were right to point out that humans are linked to the social context in which they live, proving that psychological functioning and human behavior are universal and culture specific. Sharing a culture means that people have a common way of viewing their relationship with the social and physical environment; of communicating their thoughts and emotions; of prioritizing their activities; of dividing tasks and resources; of attributing values, honors, and power (Xenia, 2004, pp.17-18). When they do not share the above listed elements then culture diversity occurs from a psychological point of view. The people of diverse cultures are not like minded hence the question is, whether individuals from diverse cultures can coexist harmoniously in time space and under the same political and social organizations? The answer to this question provides the idea of how to cope with culture diversity. Various cultures flourish from the recognition that they represent a set of beliefs, modes of thinking and practices that are peculiar to them and different from others. Some cultures are more inclusive example western cultures, others refer to a small group of people for instance the Basque culture, but each one of them is important for its members because they represent the way they construct their social reality, and provides them with action alternatives. Conclusion Culture Diversity has been discussed using the three social science disciplines of Anthropology, Sociology and Psychology. Even though all of them have a similarity of trying to understand culture diversity in humans, they are different in terms of how they approach the study. Anthropology looks at culture diversity at the perspective of humanity, his origin and through aspects of social life such as ethnicity, symbolism, politics, race and so on. Anthropology explains that the origin of culture diversity is through mankind hence the concentration a human perspective. Sociology looks at the society which humans live so as to explain culture diversity. It states that elements such as language, beliefs, norms, and values are what bring about culture diversities. Psychology on the other hand analyses culture diversity with focus entirely on internal factors that influence individuals. Therefore the three social sciences provide an understanding of culture diversity and a basis of respecting other cultures.

Responsibility :: essays research papers

Responsibilities are more important than Rights Everyone has rights and responsibilities. Rights are things that people are aloud to do. Responsibilities are things that people are expected to do. In this essay, I will be telling you some facts why responsibilities are more important in the society of Waknuk. The first point is David's father; Joseph Storm hates offences and blasphemies because of his religion. Next is Old Jacob thinks that rules should be changed in Waknuk because he wants it to be like when his father was around. Lastly Alan Ervin detects the thoughts and shapes group and that Sophie has a sixth toe. The people in Waknuk believe in responsibilities over rights. David's father, Joseph Storm, hates offences and blasphemies because of how he was brought up by his parents. David is talking about the people in his family. He is talking about his father and particularly about his strong religious beliefs. He said that offences are animals or plants that are deformed. His father hates offences and he kills them in a disgusting way because of his religion. David was explaining the process of how his father dealt with offences. "That was because an occurrence of an offence was sometimes an impressive occasion. Usually the first occasion that one happened was that my father came into the house in a bad temper. Then in the evening he would call us all together including everyone who worked on the farm. We would all kneel while he proclaimed our repentance and led prayers for forgiveness. The next morning we would be up for daylight and gather in the yard. As the sun rose we sang a hymn while my father ceremonially slaughtered the two headed calf, four legged chicken or whatever kind of offence it happened to be. Sometimes it would be much queerer than those†¦" (The Chrysalids Pg. 18) David's father thinks that it is a responsibility to kill any offences. He does this because that is what his religion has taught him to do and based on how he was raised by his parents. He therefore, has these feelings and does not know of any other way of thinking. At the same time he mentions that a blasphemy is a deformed human. His father hates blasphemies because they are similar to an offence; they are not animals or plants, but humans instead. "And if it happens among people it was a blasphemy.

How the stimulus material was developed through the drama process

To begin our performances, and even before the groups had been finalised the class received two pieces from the teacher. The first was the general notion of ‘Time passing' and the second was part of a poem: ‘Gather ye rosebuds while ye may Old time is still a-flying; And the same flower that smiles today Tomorrow will be dying.' – Robert Herrick We began a short scene based on the stimuli of the poem. We set up ‘mirror image' scenes. On each side of the scene there was a female, a male (who began off stage) along with an additional character that would try and approach the woman. In one scene the man decided to meet the woman and they went off happily†¦however the man on the other side waited too long and the additional character went on with the female. He did not take the opportunity and lost the woman. The second half of the lesson was spent discussing ideas for a Devised Drama piece. We, as a smaller group, were given the stimulus of an article entitled ‘How to build a time machine'. This evoked serious discussion and developed onto ideas similar to films such as ‘The Butterfly Effect' and ‘Groundhog Day' along with films such as ‘Final Destination' – from which we could take similar ideas. However, in later sessions we soured on ideas taken from this, but did decided to include reliving situations or death. A group member provided the next piece of stimulus. It was a song by The Streets called â€Å"The Irony of it All†, in which there are two ‘characters' a young alcohol drinker and a cannabis smoker. The song portrays the alcohol drinker as ‘yobbish' and destructive – slurring his words and not being able to come up with a competent argument besides repeating himself several times. The cannabis smoker was shown as being calm, level headed and smarter than the alcohol drinker. This brought up the argument ‘Are drugs better than alcohol?' It must be realised that there are good and bad points to everything and the group was eager that we show both sides of the argument with possibly a middle ground of ‘Either being good in moderation.' The first scene created was based on this song. It was the after-effects of the night before. Set on a communal living space on a University campus, there was a couch, two chairs with a table and space to work on the floor. A drunken character, played by Jack, was ‘crashed out' on the couch and two other characters, played by Saimon and Luke, were at the table smoking cannabis. Two other characters entered together from one side of the stage and began teasing ‘Jack' for what had happened the night before. Another character, a class A drug addict, played by Kate entered and sat at the floor beginning to work. She complained to the others about the noise†¦however they ignored her and she stormed out. The scene ended when ‘Alice' and ‘I' headed out to the lectures leaving the others to recuperate from their actions. The purpose of the scene was to compare the effects of each drug, and began the idea of separate ‘groups' for each drug. The second part of the scene was layered over the action of ‘Jack', ‘Saimon' and ‘Luke'. In this scene ‘Katie' began an internal monologue. In which she detailed the shortcomings of each person and the shortcomings of herself. As the play developed these scenes, these scenes were cut. However they were not cut completely, only transformed into similar scenes. The first scene was changed to the ‘Saturday Night' scene, with the comparison of Cannabis and Alcohol – showing two groups of people separately doing stereotypical ‘Saturday Night' things, and confronting each other. The scene was intended to show the positives of marijuana as opposed to the negatives of alcohol. The second part of the scene formed the basis of what is now the ‘Green Acres' scene, revealing the short falls of each character, as they stand to their feet and admit to the ‘group' (i.e. The audience) what they have done, why, and what they are going to do about it. The final piece of stimulus was the photo of Rachel Whitear, a heroin addict who was found kneeling in her room, clutching the needle in one hand. A photograph was taken of her in this position, and her parents decided to teach children about the effects of drugs by offering to show this picture and videos about Rachel to school children throughout the country. The image is very haunting and powerful, and we decided that we would display the picture in our heroin overdose scene. Originally the plan was for the character, played by Kate, to emulate the ‘pose' on the stage, whilst the picture of Rachel was projected on the white wall of the drama studio. However we felt that the use of a projector would seem out of place in a play that purposefully lacks props, set design and only uses a small amount of lighting. We also decided that this would require us to use the projector throughout the performance and we would run the risk of the technology failing.

Just off main street †summary Essay

In â€Å"Just Off Main Street† author Elmaz Abinader depicts the physical and social barrier between Americans and hyphenated Americans such as Arab-Americans who live in dual sensitivity facing identity crisis, racism and other various problems living in America. In the first part of the story â€Å"Crossing The Threshold† we learn of young Abinader, her family, their customs and how they are separated from the rest of the families in their town. In the second part of the story â€Å"Making A Writerâ€Å"Abinader explains how entering college changes her view on her identity that lead to the person she is today. Abinader grew up in a small Pennsylvanian town, her father and uncle ran three businesses through which they served the neighborhood. From the store gate Abinader saw no difference between her father and the people on the streets. This idea soon changed when she met the two Barbie like girls in school, she realized there was nothing in common between her and the other kids. Even though they didn’t know how her lifestyle was, they made fun of her. After she reaches home she understands her life and that of her peers are separated by the â€Å"magic door†. Since it’s a Wednesday Abinader’s mother prepared Arab delicacies which have â€Å"hypnotic† effect on her. The three boys and three girls of the Abinader family had after school duties, devotion to God, obedience to parents, and good school grades dominated the family. They gave little importance to interactions that took place outside the house. On holidays, relatives visited, they ate together, danced and enjoyed but Abinader knew that her life inside and outside the â€Å"magic door â€Å"would always clash, she would never be accepted by her peer and felt like an outcast. Abinader went to university of Pittsburgh when she grew up. That had nationality classrooms which represented different cultures. The Syrian-Lebanese room, one she wanted to see was locked and required permission to access. When she finally got into it, the royal furnishing and exoticness of the room made her feel proud. Soon she wrote about her heritage culture but she realized the Americans â€Å"exoticized† her. Focused on her writing, she wrote about her family and their history that was suppressed inside. Her writing was still inside the door.Outside the door she felt unwelcomed. Abinader didn’t give up and continued writing about the issues on identity, culture, etc. She participated in activism as a U.S citizen, marched, protested and created committees. Her writing made her feel like an activist as it conveyed her message more directly.